社会断裂与社会支持:失独老人社会关系的重建

社会政策、传统文化、经济等因素使得失独老人面临着社会保障、经济困顿、养老、医疗、社会心理恢复等问题,表现为与他人、社区之间社会关系的"断裂"现象。对安徽省合肥市失独老人生活现状及社会支持网络作了实证研究。失独老人对现状不满意,社会关系"家庭化",存在社会支持方面的缺失。影响失独老人社会关系重建的主要因素为性别、教育程度、收入、失去独生子女的时间和社会政策。从多元的视角,提出建立失独老人社会支持体系,重建失独老人社会关系、融入社区的操作性对策。     

Bread and Social Justice: Measurement of Social Welfare and Inequality Using Anthropometrics

We address the question of the measurement of health achievement and inequality in the context of variables exhibiting an inverted-U relation with health and well-being. The chosen approach is to measure separately achievement and inequality in the health increasing range of the variable, from a lower survival bound a to an optimum value m, and in the health decreasing range from m to an upper survival bound b. Because in the health decreasing range, the equally distributed equivalent value associated with a distribution is decreasing in progressive transfers, the paper introduces appropriate relative and absolute achievement and inequality indices to be used for variables exhibiting a negative association with well-being. We then discuss questions pertaining to consistent measurement across health attainments and shortfalls, as well as the ordering of distributions exhibiting an inverted-U relation with well-being. An illustration of the methodology is provided using a group of five Arab countries.     

突破式创新与社会抵触：政商关系的调节作用

在整合社会网络、制度与创新抵制理论的基础上，构建一个调节模型，对241份高技术企业管理人员调查数据进行回归分析，结果表明：基于技术的突破式创新正向影响社会抵触;基于市场的突破式创新与社会抵触呈正U型关系;政治关系正向调节基于技术的突破式创新与社会抵触的关系，而对基于市场的突破式创新与社会抵触的关系没有影响;商业关系对这两种突破式创新与社会抵触的关系均无影响。上述结论丰富了突破式创新与社会抵触关系理论，同时也有助于政府、企业深入理解政商关系的重要性及如何通过构建良好的政商关系减少社会抵触现象。     

Technology and teleology: Social engineering

Social engineering is concerned with the purposes to which technologies are put. There is a need for methods of assessing teleology. Such assessment is necessary both before the introduction of new technologies, and as an ongoing process during their existence. Society has always been engineered, but in a democratic society the engineering ought to be explicit.     

高等教育与社会资本:性别视角下的审视

使用中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心"中国教育长期追踪调查"数据,分析大学生求职就业中所呈现出的性别差异,社会资本对大学生求职的影响及作用机制的性别差异。女大学生社会资本存量、尤其是自致性社会资本存量并不低于男大学生,她们对于社会资本的利用程度也并不弱于男大学生,但社会资本对男女两性就业的影响体现出明显差异。相较于女性,社会资本对男性就业发挥更大作用。刻板化的性别意识会阻碍社会资本对女大学生就业的促进作用,从而难以缩小大学生就业的性别差异。     

Evolution and utilitarianism: Social contract III

The paper takes the simplest possible bargaining game as a paradigm for the coordination problem—i.e. the problem of selecting an equilibrium when many are available. The aim is to explore the circumstances under which evolution will lead to a utilitarian conclusion.     

Social Security Income and Health Care Spending: Evidence from the Social Security Notch

In this paper, I exploit Social Security legislation changes to identify the causal effect of Social Security income on out‐of‐pocket medical expenditures of the elderly. Using the 1986–1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey and an instrumental variables strategy, the empirical results show that health care expenditures are responsive to changes in Social Security income for elderly individuals with less than a high‐school education. The estimated income elasticities are between 1.41 and 3.47, depending on the outcome measures, and are statistically significant at conventional levels. The findings are in contrast to existing studies that find a small income elasticity at the individual/household level.     

企业社会责任管理新理念:从社会责任到社会资本

当前,企业社会责任研究已经成为社会学界、经济学界和管理学界争相研究的课题,原因就在于,在经济快速稳定增长但同时又面临生态环境污染、员工利益受损、城乡差距扩大和社会秩序失范的今天,我们必须重新思考和定义为经济增长、扩大就业和商业文明做出巨大贡献的企业行为边界和价值规范。虽然不同学者对企业是否应该承担社会责任、承担哪些社会责任和如何承担社会责任尚存在不同的观点和看法,但不容置疑的是,企业不仅是市场经济的价值创造主体,而且是在一定伦理规范下运营的责任承担主体。因此,企业必须正视企业社会责任时代的企业应该主张什么样的管理理念、战略、结构和方法,以使企业能够抵御风险、提升能力和稳步发展。     

Social communication and discrimination: a video experiment

We report on an experiment using video technology to study effects of communication on donations to and discrimination between potential receivers. The experimental design eliminates strategic factors by allowing two receivers to unilaterally communicate with an anonymous dictator before the latter decides on her gifts. Through the use of three communication setups (none, audio, and audio-visual) we analyze purely social effects of communication. A silent video channel leads to discrimination between potential receivers based on impression formation, but does not affect average levels of donations. When the auditory channel is added, average donations increase. The social processes invoked by the visual and audio channels are heterogeneous and communicator-specific but not unsystematic.     

Social sciences and neuroscience: a circular integration

Social phenomena can be described and explained through different levels of analysis, which correspond to the theoretical and methodological domains of different disciplines. According to a hierarchy of disciplines which moves from high-order to low-order levels, collective phenomena should be grounded on individual mental processes which, in turn, should rely on brain processes. The crucial question is whether the neuroscientific account of brain processes can be conceived as equivalent to the psychological account of mental processes. It is argued against the complete equivalence of the two kinds of accounts. However, it is maintained that a specific contribution can derive from each discipline so to provide an advance in understanding. It is questioned which could be the better way for psychology and neuroscience to inform each other. It is suggested that knowledge coming from the two disciplines, rather than being simply juxtaposed, should be integrated so to allow each discipline to give and receive insight to/from the other one.     

重要领域的社会创新与各部门的作用——"社会创新与建设创新型国家"国际研讨会综述(二)

一、重要领域的社会创新1.可持续发展和消费领域的社会创新我国已提出建设节约型社会、提倡绿色消费以及生态生产模式等发展思路,这些对我国经济社会的协调发展将产生深远影响。在可持续发展方面,主要任务是保证经济和社会的协调发展,同时注重环境保护,提高资源的使用效率。与会代表首先讨论了可持续消费的重要性。有代表认为,消费的可持续性在实现可持续发展中具有非常重要的作用。过度消费不仅会造成大量的浪费,产生能源危机,而且还会形成社会中各利益集团的对立。可持续消费则有利于减缓能源浪费和资源危机,对社会风气的好转也会起到促进…     

Political and Social Economics: Beyond Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy

Economists face at least two problems when they try to go interdisciplinary. One is how to adapt their theory where the original set of assumptions may fail to apply. This is a particular problem for economists who carry the “default” neoclassical model around in their heads. This paper outlines a map for keeping track of assumptions when doing interdisciplinary work. A second problem is how to take a theory designed for one discipline and turn it into something intelligible to practitioners of another. One needs a common language, and it is argued that general systems theory might help, even though it is not a complete language. The map proposed here provides a unified way to compare and contrast the approaches of different orthodox and heterodox traditions and better see what problems they are most suited to addressing.