The Perils of Base Money

Insecure linkage of ordinary money to fractional reserves of a distinct base money can sometimes endanger the smooth working of modern monetary systems. This danger applies most obviously to the analogous insecure pegging of domestic to foreign currency. Worry would better focus, however, not on the size of reserve ratios but on the very existence of something distinct to which ordinary money is linked.In the modern world money is a device for monitoring transactions, keeping records, calculating economic benefits and costs, and accomplishing multilateral clearing. Money enables people conveniently to use the entitlements acquired by delivering goods and services and securities to some trading partners to obtain others of these from other trading partners. The tickets and memoranda employed in these operations need not take the form of little disks of precious metal or even of certificates convertible into them or some other kind of ultimate base money.It would be economically advantageous and feasible to make all money inside money (in the sense of Gurley and Shaw), with the value of the money unit determined and maintained otherwise than through convertibility into a distinct base money, which would have been abolished.     

"洗钱"与"反洗钱"

“洗钱”已经成为当今国际社会不得不面对的一个“公害”。据世界银行的一份统计,我国自改革开放以来,除了经政府合法批准对外投资的款项外,外流资金中有相当部分与“洗钱”有关。但直到目前为止,世界各国对于洗钱的定义还不尽一致,但一般是指将犯罪收益、不法收益通过各种手段隐瞒或掩饰起来,并使之合法化的活动和过程。各国司法界定的洗钱犯罪大致分为以下几类:一是将所有非法途径如贩毒、走私、抢劫、贪污、诈骗、受贿等方式获得的资金收益进行清洗,使之披上合法外衣的活动统称为“洗钱”。美国、法国等实行这一认定。二是将法律明确规定…     

货币：作为一种保险合同

我们在本文使用了一种分析货币的新方法，即在货币能够提供保险的意义上，将货币认为是一种保险合同，从而在信息私有情况下保险市场的分析方法可以得以应用，在这种分析框架下，我们可以重新理解通货膨胀和通货紧缩，并且可以很好地解释国际金融诸如“特里芬难题”以及金融危机等许多问题，在分析中，我们也提供了初步的解决问题的建议。     

货币创造的逻辑形成和历史演进——对传统货币理论的批判

本文从逻辑的原点出发,分析了信用货币制度下货币的创造过程,提出货币的核心功能不是交易媒介和价值储藏手段,而是组织生产。货币的本质不是一般等价物,而是作为无限跨期价值尺度的一般性债务。从货币创造的视角出发分析了货币的演进历史,质疑了传统理论描述的从实物货币到信用货币的演进过程,提出信用货币是历史上货币的主要表现形式,货币演进历史的主要脉络是:私人信用货币—政府信用货币—银行信用货币。最后本文分析了对银行货币创造的约束,并回顾和总结了中国央行约束与银行反约束在中国的实践。     

货币需求弹性决定因素的实证研究

文章从企业和家庭层面的货币需求异质性,对传统货币需求函数进行修正,分析货币需求收入弹性和利率弹性的决定因素。实证结果表明,产业结构和经济开放度不但直接影响货币需求规模,而且通过货币需求弹性间接影响货币需求的变化,产业结构主要对货币需求收入弹性显著影响,而经济开放度对货币需求收入弹性和利率弹性均有显著影响。产业结构升级将弱化对货币需求收入弹性的影响,而加剧对货币需求规模的影响。经济开放度对货币需求的影响将逐渐由正转负,并最终导致货币需求下降。     

洗钱活动对银行部门的利用

一个洗钱活动一般涉及好几个部门 ,大致上可分为银行部门 ,银行外的金融部门和非金融的行业。银行系统乃全球资金划拨的主要系统 ,是洗钱犯罪者处理非法收益的重要部门。本文介绍西方成熟的银行系统中发现的洗钱手段 ,以作借鉴之用     

The Politics of Shadow Money: Security Structures,Money Creation and Unconventional Central Banking

ABSTRACT

For the first time in the history of central banks, the Federal Reserve has been pursuing monetary policies which allow shadow banks to access its reserves. The paper examines these policies in an analysis based on the concept of security structure. The aim is to facilitate a better understanding of complex institutional arrangements which convert credit claims into money or enable them to simulate the money-form. As the financial crisis reached its peak in September 2008, the Fed was not able to contain the impact precisely because the security structure existing between banks and the Fed did not extend to the shadow banking system, which had meanwhile become thebackbone of the global financial system. To address this situation, the Fed initiated new security structures that were designed to also give players in the shadow banking system access to liquidity and collateral. The concept ‘security structure’ serves as an analytical tool to explore dynamic forms of safety and liquidity generation and to distinguish between credit expansion and money creation. It also helps to differentiate between three qualitatively different stages of security: central bank money, quasi-money and shadow money. In this way, it foregrounds the politics of (shadow) money creation.     

The Income and Transactions Velocities of Money

Abstract

Is Socialism a possibility after Hayek? Ted Burczak—drawing upon a variety of heterodox traditions—provides a provocative answer.     

The Emergence of Money in Commodity Exchange,or Money as Monopolist of the Ability to Buy

Abstract

Money's emergence in commodity exchange remains an unresolved issue within economic theory. Current general equilibrium models offer an explanation that rests on the economic advantages of a universally accepted means of exchange that is partly established through social custom. These models neither fully explain money's unique ability to buy, nor theorise the customary practices required for money's emergence. They are dominated by Menger's earlier analysis of money's emergence, which pays more attention to the social foundations of money but is still hampered by Austrian individualism. An alternative explanation is given here, drawing on Marx's theory of value but involving a thorough reworking of it. An analytical process is established through which money finally emerges as monopolist of the ability to buy. Particular social custom, whose determinants are consistent with the social underpinnings of commodity exchange, plays a vital role in money's emergence.     

Money and specialization

Summary.  This paper examines the relationship between specialization and the use of money in two versions of the search-theoretic monetary model. The first version establishes a surprising result that specialization is more likely to occur in a barter economy than in a monetary economy. The result is reversed in the second version where a different specification of preferences is adopted to limit the scope of barter. This contrast between the results provides a concrete illustration of the general argument that money encourages specialization only when it enlarges the extent of the market. Received: January 31, 1995; revised version August 12, 1996     

Money and Information

This paper investigates the role of money in markets in which producers have private information about the quality of the goods they supply. When the fraction of high-quality producers in the economy is given, money promotes the production of high-quality goods, which improves the quality mix and welfare unambiguously. When this fraction is endogenous, however, we find that money can decrease welfare relative to the barter equilibrium. The origin of this inefficiency is that money provides consumption insurance to low-quality producers, which can result in a higher fraction of low-quality producers in the monetary equilibrium. Finally, we find that most often agents acquire more costly information in the monetary equilibrium than in the barter equilibrium. Consequently, money is welfare-enhancing because it promotes useful production and exchange, but not because it saves information costs.     

电子货币对货币供应量的冲击及应对策略

当前世界各国的私人部门都在竞相研发电子货币并逐步走向实用化，电子货币的私人发行使它不再仅仅是货币形式的转化，还会对货币供应机制产生重大冲击，其分散发行所催生的竞争性货币供应格局潜存着货币发行量失控的风险；其对传统货币的替代通过扩大商业银行的信用创造功能增加了狭义货币供应量；其不断创新及低套现成本使货币供应统计量失效。因此，借鉴西方发达国家的先进经验并结合我国国情，我国应仅允许银行发行电子货币并以公开市场操作冲销扩张的超额储备，同时尽快实现货币政策中间指标从数量型指标转向价格型指标。     

货币是否影响产出

研究经济周期的经济学家经常要探讨货币增长与产出增长的关系，这一探讨可以分成两种理论，其一是货币经济周期理论，该理论强调货币供给在影响真实经济活动中的因果作用：货币供给的增长变化引起产出增长的变化（货币影响产出）；其二是真实经济周期理论，该理论对传统的货币经济周期理论形成挑战。真实经济周期模型用反因果关系的概念来解决货币与产出的关系。认为经济中真实部门的发展影响人们的理财决定，从而影响货币需求的数量，只要金融系统随着需求的主为化而做出反应，产出增长的变化将导致货币增长的变化（产出影响货币）。     

论国际热钱

1997年东南亚金融危机之后,国内外学术界进行了关于国际热钱的讨论.在近年人民币升值压力存在的情况下,我国又一次展开了关于国际热钱进入中国的讨论.既要分析不同情况下国际热钱进入的渠道,更应对防止国际热钱的破坏作用提出可行的方案.     

国际热钱进入与国家粮食安全

2006年末以来,世界农产品价格大幅上涨,围绕粮食、食品的国内外投资和交易成为新的经济热点。作为世界粮食大国和人口大国,为控制通货膨胀,实施低粮价政策,这为国际热钱进入粮食领域提供了条件。本文分析了我国现有粮食管理体制下热钱进入的可能性、规模、方式和途径,在此基础上提出了打击热钱进入粮食领域的长效措施。