政府透明度的经济学视角

本文从经济学的角度,对政府透明度与民营机构透明度进行类比,论述了政府透明度的涵义以及对政府有效制约的原理、意义,尝试探讨妨碍政府提高透明度的根本原因,并提出了政府和官员主导、民众利用媒体舆论推动来提高政府透明度的思路.     

Reconciling the Invisible Hand and innovation

It is generally agreed that Adam Smith invoked the Invisible Hand to send the message to posterity that a free-market economy is the best form of economic organization. Strictly speaking, the Invisible Hand of Adam Smith is a conjecture about the virtues of a free-market economy. There are three claims in this paper concerning the interpretation of the Invisible Hand conjecture. First, the neoclassical interpretation engenders a conceptual confusion – identified here as the ‘double paradox’ of the Invisible Hand. Second, the interpretation of Adam Smith's conjecture on the beneficial effects of the free-market economy cannot – and should not – be confined to the production and consumption of existing products. Failure to distinguish the Invisible Hand Theorem from the Invisible Hand Doctrine distorts thinking about Adam Smith's message, creating the misconception that the Invisible Hand passage excludes business innovation. Third, the central message conveyed by Invisible Hand is to be read in the context of modern evolutionary economics.     

Microfinance,vulnerability and risk in low income households

We investigate if participation in the Indian Self Help Group (SHG) program results in reducing poverty and vulnerability. The theoretical framework examines the mechanisms through which the pecuniary and non-pecuniary effects of the SHG impacts the households’ ability to manage risk. We use a vulnerability measure that quantifies the welfare loss associated with poverty and different types of risks, on an Indian panel survey data. Our results show that SHG members are less vulnerable compared with a group of non-SHG (control) members. About 80% of the vulnerability faced by the households is poverty related.     

Cornelius Castoriadis on the Scope and Content of Neoclassical and Marxian Economics

The paper presents the thought of the political philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis on economic methodology and the neoclassical and Marxian traditions. Castoriadis suggested that the scope of economic theory includes the identification of “local” regularities and not the search for invariant “laws.” He criticized the use of equilibrium and the utilitarian framework in the neoclassical tradition and proposed to approach human agency based on the Aristotelian concept of the “social individual.” In addition, he criticized the deterministic nature of the Marxian “laws.” According to Castoriadis, the use of concepts such as the “production function” and “capital” presents a number of caveats.     

Evolution-Based Approaches in Economics and Evolutionary Loss of Information

Evolutionary economics provides a self-organizing, stabilizing mechanism without relying on mechanic equilibria. However, there are substantial differences between the genetic evolutionary biology and the evolution of institutions, firms, routines, or strategies in economics. Most importantly, there is no genetic codification and no sexual reproduction in economic evolution, and the involved agents can interfere consciously and purposefully. This entails a general lack of fixation and a quick loss of information through a Muller’s ratchet-like mechanism. The present contribution discusses the analogy of evolution in biology and economics, and considers potential problems resulting in evolutionary models in economics.     

Institutional Approaches to Economic Development: The Current Status of the Debate

The recent publication of "Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History" (Chang 2011a) has stimulated a thought-provoking debate, and has brought forth a wide-ranging demonstration of the theoretical arsenal of the new institutional economics. The debate proves that, as of yet, no satisfactory theory of institutions has been articulated, nor is there an agreement on the relationship between institutional change and the politics of development. It also demonstrates the presence of two distinct lines of research: ideological and political, both of which rely on different theoretical legacies, and embody distinct economic worldviews. This scenario allows a summary of the argument in the most recent literature to be made on the relationship between institutions and development, as well as to relate the debate to the concept of development as a process of expansion of capacities.     

融资结构的行为金融学分析

企业融资行为理论的发展在MM理论之后主要有三个发展方向,Hart的财务契约论、Jensen和Meck—ling的代理理论及信息不对称理论,其中优序融资理论是信息不对称理论中最有代表性的。中国上市公司存在股权融资偏好现象,这种融资顺序安排与西方财务学理论的融资优序理论不一致。对此,国内学术界提出了各种解释。我们应通过引入行为金融的理论,将有限理性与信息不对称模型进行结合,从而找出中外融资顺序差异的根本原因。     

植入"公平博弈"的委托-代理模型——来自行为经济学的一个贡献

本文通过将Rabin(1993)提出的"公平博弈"概念植入现有委托一代理模型,获得一个考虑了代理人表现出"互惠性"非理性行为的新委托一代理模型.由该模型给出来的最优委托一代理合约可以给委托人带来比现有委托一代理最优合约更高的利润水平.研究发现,现有的Holmstrom-Milgrom模型中的最优合约不是帕累托最优的.新模型可以解释企业人性化管理和许多有特色的人性化企业文化的形成.本文是行为经济学与现有激励理论相结合研究的一种初步尝试,是运用行为经济学原理重建信息经济学基本框架的原创性工作.     

中国农村小额贷款组织发展对策研究——以江苏省为例

本文从可持续性发展的角度出发,以江苏省为例,深入研究了中国农村小额贷款组织。本文分析了存在的问题,特别是制约农村小额贷款组织发展的瓶颈问题,也介绍了国内外的一些成功经验,并就发展中国农村小额贷款组织提出了一系列对策建议,以求将农村小额贷款组织打造为促进中国农村金融发展和农村稳定的重要工具。     

Misaligned Expectations and Non-Cooperative Behavior in Indian Microfinance: Evidence from a Survey

This study examined the causalities of non-performance of self-help groups (SHGs) in the context of polarised institutional expectations in the microfinance ecosystem in India. Institutional approach and stakeholder approach were followed for the investigation. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured interviews (SIs) were conducted to collect data from various institutional stakeholders. It was found that the institutional expectations of each institution from other institutions in the microfinance ecosystem were polarized, misaligned and were antagonistic in nature. Institutional behaviours were governed by their expectations from the microfinance ecosystem. Therefore, the polarized and antagonistic expectations created non-cooperative behaviours and attitudes in the key institutions, which further created a weak performance of the microfinance programs.     

商业道德行为缺失的经济学分析——基于信息不对称理论的视阈

信息不对称理论下,商业道德缺乏的表现形式有:商业欺诈、商业贿赂和道德风险等。当前我国的商业道德缺失已超越通常所理解的道德范畴,须以制度约束力加以矫正。这就需要政府、行业协会、企业和消费者等多方协调,齐抓共管,综合治理商业道德缺失的社会现象。     

信息社会对公共组织的挑战及其应对

本文主要探讨这样一个问题:信息社会的到来,将对公共组织带来什么样的挑战?公共组织又将如何应对这些挑战?笔者认为,随着信息社会的到来,信息的分布性和异质性将增加,这将导致公共组织在作出决策时的信息成本和代理成本大大增加.为此,公共组织需要从技术、制度和文化三个途径来应对这种挑战,从而适应信息社会的到来.     

金融市场中的区块链技术:场景应用与价值展望

在抽象的区块链技术与友好的金融应用之间进行弥合,探讨新的信用生态在缓解信息不对称过程中的应用场景,进一步展望了区块链对整个金融业态的价值贡献、限制以及其他可能性。     

社会资本与经济发展:理论及展望

随着社会资本理论的发展，发展经济学演进到新的发展阶段———“社会关系至关重要”。社会资本理论的引入丰富了经济发展理论研究思路：发展中国家需要构造以社会资本为纽带的综合经济发展体系；在全球化背景下，协调社会资本与现代经济发展是经济学面临的课题。     

The basic income guarantee and social economics

This article introduces the Review of Social Economy symposium on the basic income guarantee (BIG). It argues that there are several ways in which the BIG is consistent with social economics. First, the BIG is an attempt to meet the minimum material needs of US citizens and contribute to the common good. Second, important arguments for a BIG move beyond the positive-normative dichotomy. Finally, the BIG would help individuals function as social citizens.     

科技支撑贫困地区产业发展研究——以阜平县为例

科技支撑贫困地区产业发展是科技扶贫的重要内容。河北省阜平县在脱贫攻坚过程中,借助科技要素,充分发挥当地资源环境优势,促进了蔬菜产业转型升级和贫困人口脱贫致富。本文将科技支撑贫困地区产业发展的作用机制归纳为适应当地优势的产业选择机制、以"亲贫性"技术为主的技术供给机制、有利于农户合作的组织机制以及提高应用意愿的技术风险化解机制等。并介绍了科技促进阜平县蔬菜产业发展的主要做法及成效,结合科技支撑蔬菜产业发展中面临的问题,提出了科技促进贫困地区产业发展的建议。     

Institutional Change in Nepal: Liberalization,Maoist Movement,Rise of Political Consciousness and Constitutional Change

ABSTRACT

Contradicting the rest of the world’s promptness to discredit communism as an alternative and Francis Fukuyama’s (1992 Fukuyama, F. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man . New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmilan Inc. [Google Scholar]) teleological account of ‘the end of history,’ Nepal witnessed a Maoist revolution between 1996 and 2006. Such a ‘deviation’ from what Fukuyama and others have viewed as the path of development raises questions about the linear progression of history and its implicit dualism of market vs. government. As several Original Institutional Economists have discussed, analytical dichotomies lead to a simplistic understanding of transformation that disregards the multilayered nature of society and, thus, concludes that history unfolds linearly to arrive at a predetermined and homogeneous end. This paper analyzes the social transformation of Nepal that preceded the Maoist revolution, through the lens of Feminist Institutionalism, utilizing a multidisciplinary approach to understand the complexity of the impacts of liberalism-protectionism political changes on Nepali institutions.     

外部干预与部分逆向选择--兼论地方保护与假冒伪劣顽症

本文基于Akedof逆向选择理论，通过引入外部干预因素修正，建立了一个能够在有限次交易中达到非零市场均衡的部分逆向选择模型，借以说明我国当前为什么存在规模化且“长生不衰”的劣质商品市场。在本文的模型中，虽然劣质商品市场会在一定程度上通过逆向选择规律的作用而自然萎缩，但由于“地方保护”等非市场因素的干扰，却不会萎缩至零。有时，劣质商品还甚嚣尘上，形成一定的规模。为了说明我们模型的内在合理性，本文以数量补贴影响预算约束为例，说明外部因素能够改变消费者无差异曲线，从而论证了将这种外部干预引入非封闭市场的合理性。     

信息不对称与多元化折价关系研究——来自中国沪市上市公司的证据

国外研究者一般认为,上市公司存在着多元化折价问题。对于我国上市公司而言,多元化折价现象是否存在以及多元化折价的影响因素有哪些,相关研究却很少。文章通过计算超额价值,发现我国上市公司也存在多元化折价现象,而信息不对称是导致多元化折价的主要因素。文章还发现,多元化扩张行为会导致信息不对称水平的上升,从而使多元化折价问题更为严重。     

Against free trade: Neoclassical and steady-state perspectives

The author argues against free trade as a default position for international trade. He shows that arguments for free trade based on comparative advantage do not hold in reality. First, free trade makes cost-internalization for single countries difficult leading to standard-lowering competition and misallocation. Second, the international mobility of capital leads to absolute rather than comparative advantage for single countries, thus leading to maldistribution. Finally, the ecological basis seriously limits the scope for catching-up. Priority should be given alternatively to domestic production of a steady-state type with balanced trade.