论技术能力:一个演进经济学的视角

为了更好的解释跨国公司的成长,仅仅狭义地将技术能力定义为科学与工程学知识是不够的,因此给出一个广义的技术能力新定义是很有必要的。市场、产品和背景知识可能会随着时间的推移发生剧烈的变动,然而通过在企业生产过程中的特质性学习所产生的企业的技术能力,特别是企业内的默示能力,只要制度恒定,它可以在很长一段时间内保持稳定。     

演化经济学——无序态及其整合

20世纪80年代以来演化经济学取得了长足进展,但由于缺少统一的基础性分析框架、对关键性概念的不同理解,演化经济学总体上仍处于一种无序态。要避免这种无序态,演化经济学须在层级区分、层级融合与核心理论构建上取得实质性进展,演化经济学的方法论决定了这种整合将是一个长期的过程,它不仅有赖于演化经济学本身的发展,还依赖于其他相关学科的进展。     

Social Economics and Evolutionary Learning

The major premise of this paper is that social and individual well-being depends significantly on people's capacity to learn and unlearn in communication with each other. This paper builds on social economic traditions that see communication and conversation as evolutionary generative and adaptive mechanisms through which individual and social learning occurs. Drawing on educational psychology and organizational behavior scholarship, five dynamic processes of conversational learning are introduced with the contention that they can help social economists understand at a micro level more deeply and more concretely how learning happens in the give-and-take of conversation. The paper explores the role of the state, organizations, and communities in fostering individual freedom and dignity, human rights, and economic democracy and concludes that the investment of value in people and their capability for purposeful action as social economic stakeholders can be enhanced through conversation as learning.     

习俗元制度的演化机制:一个演化经济学的视角

演化经济学为我们分析制度演化提供了新的视角,演化经济学关于制度的演化机制主要有遗传机制(复制机制)、变异机制(新奇创生机制)、选择机制和适应性学习机制等.习俗就是最基本的元制度之一,作为一种基本的元制度,是市场经济运行的基础,从演化经济学的视角来看,习俗元制度的演化机制至少有:遗传机制(复制机制)、变异机制(新奇创生机制)、选择机制和适用性学习机制.     

从均衡走向演化--经济学范式的演进

均衡与演化的思想很早就共生于经济思想史中。自亚当·斯密以来,经济学深受物理学的影响,一直被均衡思想和范式所支配,并由此建立了以均衡分析为核心的经济分析体系;进入20世纪80年代后,演化思想又促使人们在主流经济体系之外发展起来了经济演化理论。本文旨在对均衡和演化这两大截然不同的经济范式的演进进行剖析,从中我们不难看出:从均衡走向演化的范式变迁折射着两种经济思想交锋的历程和对以新古典经济学为代表的主流经济分析模式的超越。     

Social Economics and Evolutionary Institutionalism Today

This paper discusses theoretical and methodological elements that constitute social economics. It also considers those elements for evolutionary (Veblenian) institutional economics. It investigates how these “heterodoxies” may further converge. Such convergence would probably not trigger a complete unification, but lead to a broadly defined common research program and a strategy for joint “heterodox” survival, in face of the ranking game of the neoclassical “mainstream” and of the dominant powers supporting it as the discipline providing ideological legitimization. A common denominator of “heterodoxies” in terms of real-world orientation, direct interdependency and interaction of agents (social decision situations), appropriate complexity, and the treatment of values is drafted. Theoretical concepts discussed include complex and open systems, individual agency, institutions, embeddedness, networks, social reform, and process orientation. Formal methodological developments considered are complex modeling, game theory, or computer simulations. We arrive at a more formal common basis, which we term socio-economics. We also consider the relations of evolution and institutions, the institutional dichotomy, and the theory of institutional change. The monism of the “market” of the “mainstream” turns out to dissolve into the institutional diversity of real-world network forms, which helps explaining real-world forms of markets, hierarchies, or spatial clusters. Focuses of “heterodox” convergence will have to be the related “microfoundations” and “macrofoundations” projects, integrating an interdisciplinary “naturalistic” approach to genetic-cultural co-evolution of cooperation, and social reform. While modern socio-economics makes “heterodoxies” leading in economic research, their future still appears open between ideological cleansing and extinction through the mainstream, and proactive paradigmatic pluralism.     

Economics and Biological Evolution

The employment of insecticides raises the relative fitness of resistant insects; the use of antibiotics applies selection pressure in favour of resistant strains of bacteria; lower limits on fish net mesh size raises the advantages of smaller adults. These are some of the many examples of the unintended impact of human activity upon biological evolution. Often this evolution has economic significance, as it does in the examples quoted. This paper examines some of the principles involved and provides a preliminary analysis of the extent to which the economically optimal inducement of evolution differs from that arising when changes in selection pressures are not anticipated. Thanks are due to Jenny Ligthart and other participants at the 1994 EAERE conference in Dublin and especially to two referees of this journal for their helpful comments.     

西方新制度经济学企业理论的演进及其存在的缺陷

针对新古典经济学中的企业假设,科斯运用交易费用的分析方法对企业的性质作了开创性的分析,界定了企业和市场的关系,这标志着现代企业理论的产生。循着科斯的分析思路,现代企业理论沿着企业和市场的关系、纵向一体化、不完全契约与团队理论、代理理论、治理理论两个理论分支不断发展和深化。现代企业的产生及演进虽丰富了微观经济学的内容,但该理论在分析方法、分析内容等方面仍存在有某些缺陷。     

演化经济学对新古典经济学的超越及其理论框架的形成

演化经济学在批判新古典经济学的基础上不断发展和完善自己的理论框架,跨越了主流经济学理性人、最优、均衡的藩篱,提出历史演化、满意、多样性假说,并借用生物学基因的遗传机制、变异机制、选择机制的运作,为解释经济系统演化过程提供了一个动态变化的研究框架,使经济学面临着更大的革命.     

Evolutionary Theories in Environmental and Resource Economics: Approaches and Applications

Recent advances in evolutionary theory have important implications for environmental economics. A short overview is offered of evolutionarythinking in economics. Subsequently, major concepts and approaches inevolutionary biology and evolutionary economics are presented andcompared. Attention is devoted, among others, to Darwinian selection,punctuated equilibrium, sorting mechanisms, Lamarckian evolution,coevolution and self-organization. Basic features of evolution, such assustained change, irreversible change, unpredictability, qualitativechange and disequilibrium, are examined. It is argued that there are anumber of fundamental differences as well as similarities betweenbiological and economic evolution. Next, some general implications ofevolutionary thinking for environmental economics are outlined. This isfollowed by a more detailed examination of potential uses ofevolutionary theories in specific areas of environmental economics,including sustainability and long run development theories, technologyand environment, ecosystem management and resilience, spatial evolutionand environmental processes, and design of environmental policy.     

Evolution of the Masters in Economics

In this article, the authors update their previous study of terminal master's degree in economics programs to determine whether changes in the characteristics and students or the desired outcomes of master's programs have occurred during the decade between the two studies. The authors find that there are now fewer programs and on average, there has been a reduction in rigor in terms of degree requirements. They also find some evidence for increased diversity of faculty in these programs. The average number of students in programs remained about the same over the decade, but the average number of faculty serving these students decreased. While some differences are found, overall the authors conclude that master's in economics programs have not dramatically changed over the past 10 years.     

Some New Approaches to Evolutionary Economics

This paper examines the relationship between energy production and economic growth in New Mexico using cross section data for the state's 33 counties in Census years 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000. The central question is whether or not New Mexico's counties are subject to the resource curse, a phenomenon documented frequently in the literature. Most empirical studies of the resource curse hypothesis have used national or state level data and a broad definition of natural resources. In contrast, this analysis uses county level data with a focus on oil and gas extraction. The estimated models suggest that oil and gas extraction in New Mexico counties has had a small but positive effect on income, employment and population. Similar results were obtained when the model was estimated for 925 counties in 13 energy producing states for the year 2000.     

演化发展经济学与贸易政策新争论的历史背景

赖纳特和张夏准指出了自由贸易理论的局限性，以确凿的历史事实打破了发达国家的成功是因为实施了自由贸易政策的“神话”，警告发达国家向发展中国家输送的自由贸易政策是导致穷国与富国之间的差距不断扩大的主要原因。这种“异端”的学说引发了2007年在《金融时报》上新古典主流经济学家和“异端”发展经济学家之间有关发展中国家应该实行自由贸易还是贸易保护的新争论。这是自发达国家在发展中国家推行“华盛顿共识”以来所发生的第一次针锋相对的争论，在美国贸易保护主义日益抬头和发展中国家发展前景黯淡的今天，这种争论值得关注。本文简要介绍赖纳特和张夏准的经济发展理论及其理论和现实意义。     

演化经济学中的技术赶超理论:研究进展与启示

通过对技术赶超理论的研究文献进行回顾,分析了演化经济学中技术赶超理论的逻辑、经济史和创新政策等,总结了演化经济学中技术赶超理论的基本观点和政策启示。研究结论如下:第一,发展中国家的技术赶超并不是一个单调线性过程,成熟的技术轨道上并不存在赶超机会,只有在"机会窗口"时期率先进入新兴技术轨道才有赶超的可能性;第二,成功的赶超依赖于新兴产业的技术创新和制度的"创造性破坏";第三,发展中国家的创新政策不仅要能应对市场、公共机构和商业环境改变的挑战,而且要能改善国家创新系统的机能并增强赶超机遇的能力。