股东对创新投入的反应：股权激励异质性的信号作用

以我国2017—2019年沪深两市A股实施股权激励的上市企业为样本,基于股东视角分析股东对创新投入信息的反应,探讨这一反应在股权高度集中时的变化,并考察高管团队股权激励异质性因素向股东传递信号的机制。结果表明,创新投入与股东反应正相关;股权集中度正向调节创新投入与股东反应的关系;股权激励异质性负向调节创新投入与股东反应的关系,且该效应在民企中更加显著;经营风险是股权激励异质性负向影响股东对创新投入反应的中介变量。     

Financialization,Shareholder Orientation and the Cash Holdings of US Corporations

Growth in the cash holdings of US nonfinancial corporations (NFCs) has received considerable attention in recent years. These cash holdings constitute a primary component of the growth in firm-level financial asset holdings often highlighted in analyses of the ‘financialization’ of NFCs. In this article, I use a panel of US corporations to empirically analyze two links between corporate cash holdings and the literature on financialization. First, I find a small but positive relationship between cash holdings and shareholder value ideology among large corporations. I capture the growing entrenchment of shareholder ideology using average industry-level stock repurchases, to proxy for industry-level norms encouraging managers to target stock price-based indicators of firm performance. Second, I find a positive relationship between a firm's cash holdings and a measure of the differential it earns between interest income and expense. Given that cash is classified with short-term marketable (and, therefore, interest-bearing) securities on firm balance sheets, this result lends empirical support to the hypothesis that traditionally nonfinancial firms are increasingly engaged in borrowing and lending for profit.     

公司治理视角的中国上市公司盈余管理研究

盈余管理是一个令全球投资者和政府关注,但一直未能得到有效解决的问题。使用修正的Jones模型对1999—2010年中国上市公司的盈余管理进行估计,可以看出中国上市公司存在较为严重的盈余管理,盈余水平与总资产之比的平均值为7．6％左右。对公司治理变量与盈余管理之间关系作进一步的实证研究发现,第一大股东持股比例对盈余管理存在显著的正向影响,第二到第十大股东持股比例和高管持股比例对盈余管理的影响显著为负;民营控股企业进行盈余管理的倾向高于国有控股企业。这些结果意味着,中国需进一步完善上市公司治理机制,降低盈余管理的幅度。     

Financialization and Portuguese real investment: A supportive or disruptive relationship?

The article makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between financialization and real investment by Portuguese nonfinancial corporations from 1979 to 2013. In theory, while financialization leads to a rise in financial investments by nonfinancial corporations and thus deviates funds from real investment, it also intensifies the pressure for financial payments and therefore restricts the funds available for real investment. We estimate an aggregate investment function including control variables (profitability, debt, cost of capital and output growth) and two measures of financialization (financial receipts and financial payments). The study concludes that there is a long-term investment equation, and finds evidence that the process of financialization has hampered real investment largely as a result of financial payments. The article also finds that profitability and debt are both detrimental to real investment.     

公司信息披露与年度股东大会

年度股东大会为股东提供了一个表达他们对公司经营绩效关心的机会,这使得经理们设法表现出良好的经营业绩。为了回应股东的压力,经理们往往会在年度股东大会之前披露积极消息公告。具体来说,在年度会议日期前40天的平均累积异常报酬显着为正。尤其当股东对公司经营绩效越不满,会议前回报越是显著较高。如果股东对管理层的压力过大,如机构持股高或者高管薪酬较高时,过去的业绩不佳的公司就会表现出更高的股东年会前回报。     

Investment Crowding‐Out and Labor Market Effects of Financialization in the US

This paper studies the impact of financialization on unemployment in the United States. We estimate a dynamic multi‐equation macro labor model including labor demand, labor suppy, wage‐setting, and capital accumulation equations. Financialization appears as a key determinant of capital accumulation which, in turn, is the transmission channel toward its unemployment effects. We conduct a series of counterfactual simulations where we quantify the macroeconomic consequences of the recent swings experienced by the financialization process. We find that it has had relevant unemployment effects in all periods considered, even in those where financial payments were not the main driver of capital accumulation. We also identify a structural change in the financialization process in the early 1980s, and find that it has caused USA unemployment to systematically fluctuate around 2 percentage points above what it would otherwise have done. We call for a reappraisal of the way financial markets work, and stress the vital need of preventing financial devices that result in productive investment crowding‐out.     

The Rise of the Global Corporation and the Polarization of the Managerial Class in the US

This article seeks to understand the sharp divergence in the earnings of top managerial executives in the US since the 1980s, within the historical context of the evolution and transformation of the corporate landscape through the 20th century. In particular, as US multinational corporations expanded their reach to the global market at the end of the 20th century and offshoring increased, globally dispersed US multinational corporations began to draw a rising share of their surpluses from their overseas affiliates. The article argues that this development is key to understanding the growing disparity between the earnings of the executives at the top of the managerial hierarchy and those lower down. The disproportionate rise of top managers’ wage income reflects their claim to a larger share of globally produced surplus. Discussions of the rising earnings of the managerial elite in the US need to take this historical process into account.     

会计信息披露质量与股东忠诚度关系——基于深市上市公司的实证研究

投资者关系管理可以提高公司可信度,进而提高投资者满意度和忠诚度,而提高信息披露质量可以提高公司可信度。那么,在投资者关系管理的前提下会计信息披露质量能否最终带来股东忠诚度呢?文章运用实证分析法,以2004-2005年在深圳交易所发行并上市的A股上市公司作为样本,对上市公司会计信息披露质量与股东忠诚度之间的关系进行统计检验。研究发现,会计信息披露质量与前十大流通股股东增持率有显著的正相关关系,即会计信息披露质量的提高会增加股东忠诚度。研究结果也表明深市信息披露考核等级每增加10%,前十大流通股股东的增持率就会增加大约2%。同时发现,股本扩张能力越强,流通股股东增持率越大,越能吸引股东并提高股东忠诚度。但是,公司盈利能力、公司成长性、公司治理结构和公司规模对增强前十大流通股股东的增持率无显著作用。     

中国上市公司现金股利发放的统计研究——以2007—2010年为例

在2007-2010年的四年中,中国上市公司的派现意愿呈现出平稳的态势,上市公司派现与不派现的数量大致相当;中国上市公司现金股利发放水平先升后降;盈利能力不是中国上市公司现金股利发放的首要决定因素;尽管第二至第十大股东对控股股东有着比较重要和明显的制衡作用,但是中国上市公司的控股股东还是存在通过现金股利从上市公司转移现金的行为;每股货币资金、流动比率、速动比率与现金股利的发放水平没有正相关关系,成熟市场的所谓债务协定约束现金盈利的说法在中国并不存在。为此,应完善投资者权益保护的法律法规,改革上市公司股本结构和治理结构,提高股利决策的稳定性,彻底取消红利税。     

发展中国家金融化与中国的抵御探索

本文尝试在发展模式与外部经济依赖性相互作用的分析框架内来分析中国经济从抵御金融化到出现金融化趋势的过程。本文认为发展中国家金融化和频繁的债务金融危机源自本国发展模式与外部经济依赖性相互作用下金融扩张与生产性积累的背离。对于中国而言,在政府有效的产业政策和渐进的金融政策引导下形成的工业化主导的发展模式,能够不断解决经济发展矛盾,同时完备的工业体系和谨慎的金融开放政策减轻了中国对世界经济体系的依赖,使其得以抵御金融化和危机。但2008年全球金融危机后,中国发展模式面临新的矛盾并且对外部经济依赖性逐渐增强,出现了经济金融化的趋势,将对中国经济和金融体系的稳定性带来巨大的挑战。中国政府已经意识到金融化风险,在近年来出台了一系列政策,以期引导资金“脱虚向实”,并取得了一些成效,但金融化风险尚未根除,中国经济未来的发展仍需要政府制定行之有效的政策积极引导金融和实体经济的协调发展。     

Financialization in the American Pharmaceutical Industry: A Veblenian Approach

Thorstein Veblen’s theory of the business enterprise holds that business interests come to dominate industrial interests, with pecuniary returns being the dominant mindset under which economic activity is conducted. Under moneymanager capitalism, this is reflected in the increasing importance of profits from financial channels and the accumulation of intangible rent-generating assets to serve as the basis for capitalization — a process known as financialization. I examine this process of intangible asset accumulation within the context of the American pharmaceutical industry using Veblen’s theory of the business enterprise as a lens. I show that intangible assets have come to dominate productive capital on pharmaceutical enterprise balance sheets, suggesting that pharmaceutical profits are accumulated through rent-seeking channels rather than productive ones, in line with Veblen’s theory, and provide evidence of the financialization of this industry.     

高管变更、继任来源与盈余管理

高管变更与盈余管理之间的关系历来是盈余管理领域关注的热点问题之一,但我国对这一问题的经验文献却相对较少。以中国资本市场2001年到2006年的A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了高管(董事长或总经理)变更和高管的继任来源两个因素对于盈余管理的影响。在控制了其他可能影响盈余管理的因素之后,实证研究结果表明:高管变更导致了显著的负向盈余管理行为;外部继任者的上市公司相对于内部继任者的上市公司而言更倾向于进行显著的负向盈余管理。附加检验也揭示,高管离职的原因会给继任高管的盈余管理行为带来不同的影响。研究表明,高管变更和继任来源是盈余管理行为的重要影响因素,为理解中国资本市场盈余管理的机会主义行为动机提供了新的经验证据。     

境外大股东持股与股价同步性研究

以2006-2010年的中国所有上市公司为研究对象,采用多种方法分析境外大股东与股价同步性的关系。结果发现：首先,境外大股东在来源地方面具有显著的地缘特征和经贸关系特征;其次,行业不同股价同步性呈现出较大差异,如采掘业、金融业的股价同步性很高,而制造业、批发零售业相对较小;再次,境外大股东持股与股价同步性呈显著负相关性;最后,来自非港澳台的直接境外大股东对股价同步性有更大的影响,而直接境外大股东是否为金融机构差异不明显。     

股权结构与财务重述:来自上市公司的证据

本文以财务重述为研究视角,在考察控股程度与控股股东性质交叉作用的基础上,研究股权结构的治理效率。研究结果显示,在没有绝对控股股东的情况下,无论公司第一大股东的最终控制人是国有还是非国有性质,其发生财务重述的可能性都比国有控股上市公司发生财务重述的可能性显著要高;在绝对控股条件下,最终控制人为非国有性质的上市公司发生财务重述的可能性比国有性质的公司发生财务重述的可能性显著要低。研究结论表明,分散化的股权和国有股权对公司管理层的制约效果相对较差,从而使公司进行盈余操纵的可能性更高。本文借助公司财务重述行为,深化了已有公司治理方面的研究,并为监管部门和投资者的决策提供重要依据。     

Corporate governance following mass privatization

Using vouchers to privatize state-owned firms was an innovative but controversial aspect of transition. In the Czech Republic, voucher privatization created a large group of minority shareholders who coexisted with large shareholder–managers who controlled firms. Critics allege that the structure of shareholdings and regulatory failures allowed pervasive theft of corporate assets, much of it financed by irresponsible bank lending, and led to a financial crisis and an economic downturn. I argue that neither anecdotal evidence of managerial malfeasance nor the theories of tunneling and looting provide strong evidence for this view of corporate governance in the Czech Republic. A lack of small shareholder protection seems to have imposed small costs on the economy, and it may have facilitated rather than hampered the restructuring of firms.     

Codes of Best Practice in competitive markets for managers

We study the corporate governance of firms in environments where possibly heterogeneous shareholders compete for possibly heterogeneous managers. A firm, formed by a shareholder and a manager, can sign either an incentive contract or a contract including a Code of Best Practice. A Code allows for better management control, but makes it hard for managers to react quickly when market conditions change. Codes tend to be adopted in markets with low volatility and in environments where managers obtain low levels of benefits. The firms with the best projects tend to adopt a Code when managers are not too heterogeneous, while the best managers tend to be hired through incentive contracts when the projects are similar. Although the matching between shareholders and managers is often positively assortative, shareholders with the best projects might be willing to renounce hiring the best managers; instead, signing contracts including Codes with lower-ability managers.     

民营上市公司大股东资金占用影响因素研究

我国采取金字塔控股方式的民营上市公司以实现自身利益最大化为目标,通过各种手段占用上市公司资金。针对沪深两市371家具备金字塔结构的民营上市公司的实证研究发现,大股东资金占用的影响因素主要有第一大股东持股比例、分离系数、股权制衡度、管理者持股比例和资产负债率。在ST公司和正常公司的对比分析中,发现第一大股东持股比例、股权制衡度、资产负债率和公司上市年限对大股东资金占用率的影响存在差异。     

Rethinking the Financialisation of Non-Financial Corporations: A Reappraisal of US Empirical Data

This article assesses the claims of the shareholder value literature of the effects of financialisation on non-financial corporations and, particularly, the claim that fixed capital accumulation in the United States has been impeded by the increasing financial payments of non-financial corporations, and also by these firms transforming themselves into rentiers. The financialisation explanation of macro patterns assumes that trends in the 1970s and early 1980s are representative of the pre-financialisation era but that is not so. Another complication is the global sphere. The vast expansion of majority-owned foreign affiliates from the mid-1990s suggests that the managers of US non-financial corporations did not abandon growth objectives. Claims about rentieralisation also require further investigation. On the one hand, it is misleading to treat all external investment as a financial asset and to assume that corporate dividends provide a robust proxy for financialisation. On the other hand, the shift to external accumulation by US non-financial corporations is obscured due in part to the conceptual limitations of direct investment data, and the widespread strategy of forming non-bank holding companies to funnel cross-border activities.     

我国上市公司高管层股权激励中存在的问题及对策研究

高管层股权激励是上市公司管理中的重要机制,是极为重要的薪酬激励模式之一。高管层股权激励加强了公司股东与高管之间的利益关系,促进公司高管为股东创造更多的利益。就此,以上市公司的高管股权激励为研究对象,初步探讨高管股权激励的基本类型和特点,对我国上市公司高管层股权激励中存在的问题进行分析研究,并提出一些行之有效的对策。     

Short Selling Pressure,Reporting Transparency,and the Use of Real and Accruals Earnings Management to Meet Benchmarks

Abstract

Prior literature finds that short selling is beneficial to the market because it increases liquidity and helps to discipline optimistic market prices. The authors use 2 controlled experiments to examine the potential for an unintended consequence of allowing short selling or easing short selling restrictions. Because prior research identifies short sellers as sophisticated market participants who have the ability to see through accrual earnings management choices, we predict and find that, when reporting is transparent, managers are more likely to use real earnings management relative to accrual earnings management when short selling restrictions are relaxed. This is consistent with the idea that real earnings management activities are more defensible as the result of legitimate operating decisions and are therefore more likely to hold up to scrutiny from short sellers. Overall, the results suggest that regulations that are unrelated to financial reporting can affect how managers respond to the transparency that arises from financial reporting regulations.