跨国公司在华环境污染及其规制研究

跨国公司在促进东道国经济发展方面的积极作用世人瞩目,但与此同时也给东道国发展带来不易察觉的负面效应.近年来国际知名跨国公司在我国环境违法行为频频发生,这既与母国污染产业转移与跨国公司社会责任缺失有关,也有来自东道国规制不力的原因.作为处于开放与转轨经济中的发展中国家,我国一方面应调整对跨国公司的经济性规制,将外资的正面效应最大化;但另一方面应针对其在我国污染动因,强化对跨国公司的社会性规制,将其消极影响最小化,以推进资源节约型、环境友好型社会的建设.     

The Bard of Savagery: Thorstein Veblen and Modern Social Theory

The hypothesis of this paper is that a detailed history of a specific location and period is more effective for isolating the important characteristics of institutions than studies which span multiple millennia across the globe. To illustrate this hypothesis, I examine three Italian city-states in the period between eleventh and sixteenth centuries. This was a time when the "commercial revolution" was underway in these city-states. As a result, there were institutional innovations in settlement patterns, work organization, and self-governing institutions to help provide for mutual defense and for the internalization of gains from long-distance trade. I contrast this case study with the methodology and findings employed by Douglass C. North, John J. Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast (2009) in Violence and Social Orders. Rather than analyze the importance of beliefs and the protection of property rights as in prior work of theirs, the authors here focus on the "Schumpeterian competition" between impersonal organizations as an effective institutional form to control violence. Moreover, the timeframe of their book extends to "all recorded human history." In contrast to North, Wallis, and Weingast's approach, I concentrate on Genoa, Florence, and Venice in an effort to explain more effectively the emergence of the public/private divide and the relationship between politics and economics in modern industrial society. Experimentation in medieval Italy in mediating conflict between newly emerging classes, innovating in public finance to support the military, and focusing on broad civic participation in the political process had a lasting impact on the development of the state as an institution.     

Property and Economic Power as Issues in Institutional Economics

In the first part of this two-part paper, I presented an "irenic" reconciliation of the three apparently contradictory definitions of "institution" within original institutional economics (OIE), employing the methodology of critical institutionalism. The critical institutionalist reconciliation of these definitions conceptualizes institutions as an emergent process by which the internal and necessary relations of social structure as collective action, mediated through agency, results in the control, expansion, and liberation of the individual action of social actors in transactions. In short, an institution is the emergent process of social structure actualized in transactions (social action). Institutions, therefore, not only have a structural existence, but also an actual existence as they are the process of the emergence of the actual (in transactions) from the structural. Institutions are multi-level processes and cannot be reduced to structures, actions, behaviors, or patterns of behaviors. In this part, I demonstrate the significance of this reconciliation in two areas. The first is its ability to further differentiate the institutional definition of economics as "the science of social provisioning" from the mainstream definition of economics as "a relationship between ends and scarce means" by decomposing the institutional definition into its productive and distributive processes. The second is its usefulness in modeling the interaction of non-economic social institutions with economic institutions at varying levels of detail. I also introduce critical institutional analysis, and use as a method, for model-building and use it to build models of communal, feudal, and industrial capitalist economies.     

The spirit of capitalism, social status, money, and accumulation

This paper demonstrates the unambiguous existence of the Tobin portfolio-shift effect in the wealth-is-status and the spirit-of-capitalism models of growth. Namely, higher inflation leads to higher capital stock in the long run, and inflation increases the endogenous-growth rate of the economy.     

代工生产与跨国公司生产方式变化趋势

本文在代工生产形成的产业条件以及生产成本和规模经济作用的基础上,从产业内生因素角度建立一个跨国公司生产方式演变模型。模型揭示跨国公司生产方式变化具有三个阶段性及代工生产形成的必然性,本文还阐释了三个阶段的发生时间和阶段特征。     

Collective Action and the Institutionalist Approach to Financial Regulation

Drawing on the institutionalist approach to a capitalist economy as a money economy, I regard financial regulation and supervision as a collective action problem. I argue that, given the basic characteristics of such an economy, a financial system may be considered as a public utility and financial stability as a public good. I then maintain that the provision of the latter could not rely on private market mechanisms, such as self-regulation and price-directed incentives. As capitalism develops through more financialized forms, new institutions and regulatory rules must be designed to reframe the market’s boundaries in order to consolidate systemic stability, which is a basic condition for continuous and sustainable economic relations in society. I then suggest a precautionary-principle-based macro-prudential approach to financial regulation in order to ensure a sustainable provision of finance and financial stability that is consistent with the characteristics of a money economy.     

服务型跨国公司模块化的演进及创新机理

模块化不仅成为很多企业适应市场需求变化的生产方式,模块化也越来越成为一些企业适应市场需求变化的组织创新模式,从而引起了组织模式改变和全球产业结构变革。本文重点探讨服务型跨国公司从服务流程模块化到组织模块化两大阶段、四小阶段的模块化发展演化路径,并论述了各发展阶段推动服务型跨国公司模块化不断向高级演化的创新动力,以及在模块化发展的不同阶段,服务型跨国公司的模块化应用是如何推动服务业国际转移的。最后,通过服务型跨国公司模块化发展与服务业国际转移关系模型的总结为更多想要实施模块化的服务型跨国公司以及想要承接服务业国际转移的发展中国家和企业提供理论参考。     

Economic Power and the Firm in New Institutional Economics: Two Conflicting Problems

The objective of this study has been to undertake an analysis of the economic and institutional determining factors of fiscal pressure in a group of European countries with different levels of economic development, recent history, or level of cooperation and integration among them. We have used a panel of data from 40 countries and a time period of eleven years. Apart from the variables generally used, we have introduced additional ones such as governing party ideology, rate of economic freedom of Euro-area countries, together with another set of institutional variables. Results obtained show that the purely economic model improves when institutional and geopolitical variables are included and, in this way, it is possible to see which countries governed by the left, belonging to the Euro-area or having been members of the Soviet block, and with economic freedom, are more liable to increase fiscal pressure.     

规制经济学理论研究综述

本文详细介绍了规制经济理论发展、演化的脉络。对传统的规制公共利益理论、规制俘虏理论、规制经济理论及其主要代表人物的观点予以评述 ;重点介绍了信息不对称和目标不一致情况下的激励规制理论及其经典模型。     

管制与反垄断前沿理论和政策效率检验——一个基于实验经济学的研究模型

经济学界对管制和放松管制的态度模棱两可;理解管制与反垄断政策及其市场实施效率,却是真实而又关键。文章基于产业组织理论,从结构、行为、绩效三个角度来拓展垄断前沿理论,并借助实验经济学随机检验方法对政府价格管制政策效率进行研究,以用于阐述管制与反垄断政策的目标和基本原则,文章总体试图对我国管制与反垄断理论及政策制订提供理论参考。     

跨国公司在华专利战略及中国企业的对策

随着经济全球化的推进和市场竞争的加剧,作为保护技术创新的一种措施的专利权逐渐异化为跨国公司的市场竞争工具。这种异化既是跨国公司有意推动的结果,也是市场竞争深化的反映。跨国公司在华专利战略使中国企业面临严峻的挑战,应对这种挑战需要中国企业不懈的努力。     

我国住房保障体系非均衡供给的实证分析

基于我国住房保障体系的发展现状,就我国住房保障体系主体(经济适用房)的非均衡供给作了实证分析,得出全国经济适用房非均衡计量经济模型和非均衡度的量化结果,通过对回归结果的考察,最后基于融资角度提出构建PPP模式的住房保障体系的政策建议。     

Culture and Economics: On Values,Economics and International Business

In his Idea of Justice, Amartya Sen compares the two basic approaches to evaluating institutions, transcendental institutionalism and realization-focused comparisons. Referring to Adam Smith's Impartial Spectator, he argues in favor of the latter and proposes the principle of open impartiality. However, this cannot solve the tension between universalism and contextualization of values that Sen has inherited from Smith. Based on recent Hegel scholarship, we argue that some of the difficulties can be resolved, considering the role Smith played in the development of Hegel's thinking. Hegel's concept of recognition plays an essential role in establishing the possibility of impartiality both on the level of consciousness and on the level of institutional intersubjectivity. Hegel's critique of Kant's formalist ethics (also considered as transcendental institutionalism by Sen) and his analysis of the civil society in the Philosophy of Right, especially his focus on associations and Estates, can serve as a model for making Sen's focus on public discourse theoretically more concise and pragmatically feasible. Hegel shows that universalistic attitudes can only emerge in specific institutional contexts.     

Hot Money Flows,Cycles in Primary Commodity Prices,and Financial Control in Developing Countries

Because the U.S. Federal Reserve’s monetary policy is at the center of the world dollar standard, it has a first-order impact on global financial stability. However, except during international crises, the Fed focuses on domestic American economic indicators and generally ignores collateral damage from its monetary policies on the rest of the world. Currently, ultra-low interest rates on short-term dollar assets ignite waves of hot money into Emerging Markets (EM) with convertible currencies. When each EM central bank intervenes to prevent its individual currency from appreciating, collectively they lose monetary control, inflate, and cause an upsurge in primary commodity prices internationally. These bubbles burst when some accident at the center, such as a banking crisis, causes a return of the hot money to the United States (and to other industrial countries) as commercial banks stop lending to foreign exchange speculators. World prices of primary products then collapse. African countries with exchange controls and less convertible currencies are not so attractive to currency speculators. Thus, they are less vulnerable than EM to the ebb and flow of hot money. However, African countries are more vulnerable to cycles in primary commodity prices because food is a greater proportion of their consumption, and—being less industrialized—they are more vulnerable to fluctuations in prices of their commodity exports. Supply-side shocks, such as a crop failure anywhere in the world, can affect the price of an individual commodity. But joint fluctuations in the prices of all primary products—minerals, energy, cereals, and so on—reflect monetary conditions in the world economy as determined by the ebb and flow of hot money from the United States, and increasingly from other industrial countries with near-zero interest rates.     

我国社会游资绝对量与相对量分析

对我国社会游资的绝对量与相对量进行跟踪分析,是维护我国金融安全乃至经济安全的必要保证.本文的分析得出我国社会游资量自1997年以来总体呈现下降的趋势,但这种下降的趋势并不代表我国各项经济措施得到了很好的完善,还需要我们在监控机制、消费者的消费取向等方面进一步完善.     

我国政府投资与民间投资的发展演变

政府投资对拉动我国经济增长在历史上曾经起到了积极作用,但也产生了许多消极影响.随着民营经济的发展,它在推动经济增长中的主导地位日益降低,并逐步被民间投资取代.民间投资具有巨大的潜力和明显的优势,它的发展对于推动增长、扩大内需、增加就业、提高人民的收入,将起到积极的作用.本文分析了政府投资和民间投资的发展变化现状、趋势,提出了促进民间投资的有关措施.     

管制经济学的演进——从传统理论到比较制度分析

文章梳理了管制经济学从传统理论到比较制度分析的演进逻辑,并指出传统的管制理论采取的是把市场和政府对立起来的二分分析方法,而新的管制理论则采取了一种把市场和政府统一起来的分析方法,这种理论进展有助于我们更加深刻地认识现实世界中的管制制度。     

管制、竞争与民营银行的发展

金融深化的基础是管制与竞争的均衡。计划体制下,国家对金融业一直采取国有控股或国家垄断,因而产生民营银行压抑现象。市场化改革显化了金融制度与经济制度的摩擦,因而民营银行发展在金融深化中具有现实性,也是金融基础设施建设的重要组成。从竞争的角度看,放松民营银行进入壁垒,有助于金融业适度竞争,同时也是国有银行改革的重要组成部分。当然,金融本身的脆弱性说明银行民营化过程也是管制重建的过程。     

中国跨国公司与对外投资地区互动机制研究

跨国公司在对外投资过程中与投资地区的互动是双方反复博弈的结果，建立良好的互动机制是一种双赢策略。互动机制的建立将有助于对外投资企业提高技术学习和竞争能力，适应投资地的市场与文化，规避对外投资中存在的风险，为中国跨国公司创造有利的外部发展条件。外部因素通过良好的互动机制也可以与内部因素产生相互推动作用。     

跨国公司进入方式规制的理论与政策研究

跨国公司采取直接投资进入东道国有两种方式:跨国并购和新建投资。在进入方式的选择上,在不同的约束条件下跨国公司和东道国具有不同的收益和成本,但现有的跨国公司直接投资规制的理论研究和政策分析没有区分这两种进入方式。文章认为,东道国政府在制定跨国公司直接投资的规制政策时,要综合权衡各种进入方式的积极效应和负面影响,制定适宜的规制政策,从而在引资过程中获得最大利益。文章还对跨国公司在华直接投资规制的实践进行了回顾,并提出了进一步的政策取向的建议。