中国入世后的就业形势与失业控制

如何看待我国当前的就业形势,要从社会历史发展的角度,用科学的态度来分析。如果放在市场经济这样一个大范围内,用世界的眼光来看,我国的失业率并不特别高。关键是要完善中国劳动力市场统计,从中国的具体国情出发,确定失业警戒线,并集思广益,充分发挥社会伙伴的积极性,有效地发展经济和促进就业。     

关于菏泽市失业保险促进就业和稳定就业的调查与思考

为充分发挥失业保险在新形势下促进就业和稳定就业的作用,文章从实践的角度对菏泽市近两年失业保险促进就业和稳定就业的作用进行了调查研究分析,找出了目前存在的问题,并提出相应的意见和建议。     

Job Insecurity and the Difficulty of Regaining Employment: An Empirical Study of Unemployment Expectations

It is widely assumed that British workers have become more insecure over he last decade. This paper sets out to establish whether the popular assumption is correct. We examine changes in measures of workers' insecurity using direct measures of their unemployment expectations, using data colleted by the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCELI) in 1986 and by the Skills Survey (SS) in 1997. The paper also investigates how closely subjective measures of insecurity are related to objective measures commonly used as proxies, and analyses how these expectations are determined. It finds that: i. In aggregate job insecurity, measured as the expected risk of job loss, has changed little, while the expected difficulty of regaining employment has fallen over the last decade. ii. Job insecurity has increased among non-manual workers, while it has fallen among non-manual workers, who were traditionally less secure in the first place. iii. Unemployment in the external labour market has a large impact onindividuals' expectations of unemployment and on their expectations of re-employment. vi. There is a strong positive association between a job being temporary and insecurity. It is valid, therefore, to see a possible problem of rising subjective insecurity if there is a rising proportion of temporary workers in the labour force. v. Job tenure and job insecurity follow a U-shaped relationship. vi. The fall in unemployment from 1986 to 1997 would have been predicted to induce a substantial fall in job insecurity, that this fall did not materialise suggests that there has been an upward shift in job nsecurity.     

Dependency and Unemployment Compensation

Paul Ashton of Liverpool University describes the effects on the unemployed of the social security system and concludes that radical reform is necessary to increase work incentives.     

宏观调控与失业

本文在其他学者研究隐性失业的基础上得出：总失业率（登记失业率与隐性失业率之和）与经济增长率存在着一个稳定的奥肯关系,即由于宏观调控以来一直保持较高的经济增长率,我国的总失业率实际上在以较高的速度下降。由于总失业率与经济增长率这种稳定的关系,因此总失业率可以做为一个内生变量进入笔者根据泰勒模型改造的宏观调控模型。本文暗示的政策建议是：保持较高的经济增长率会使隐性失业率迅速下降到一个临界值,之后才会使登记失业率下降。     

Unemployment Insurance

The introduction of social insurance in Britain stemmed ultimately from Beveridge's and others' desire to abolish poverty. Beveridge failed to understand that social insurance is incompatible with private insurance markets, and especially unemployment insurance.     

完善失业保险预防失业功能的思考

失业保险制度作为我国社会保险制度的一个重要组成部分,其所发挥的功能和作用对于维护经济和社会的稳定有着重要意义,尤其是预防失业这一功能。当下经济全球化和社会主义市场经济的发展,使得我国经济正在面临前所未有的挑战,企业经营的风险不断加大,这也就意味着劳动者失业的风险也在加大。针对如何缓解这一现象,作为经济稳定器和减压阀的失业保险[1]有着重大责任和义务。其中预防失业、促进就业也就成为了重中之重,迫切的需要进行完善和改革。     

关于失业问题的思考

当前社会,失业是一个较为普遍的国际性问题,中国在建立社会主义市场经济体制和二元经济结构转换过程中,特别是20世纪90年代后期以来,也出现了严峻的就业压力。文章在深入分析我国失业现状的基础上,认为我们应该根据中国国情,制定促进就业的经济发展战略和积极的就业政策,以有力促进我国经济社会协调发展。     

Hysteresis in Unemployment

After two decades of ratcheting unemployment in Europe, most economists agree that structural changes associated with higher equilibrium rates of unemployment have occurred. But the direction of causality is a matter of controversy: Have the structural changes caused the long-lasting increases in actual unemployment? Or have the increases in actual unemployment caused the structural changes? The latter possibility is often referred to as hysteresis. During the past decade, a distinct research program has evolved around the idea that equilibrium employment tracks actual unemployment. This survey reviews the various hysteretic explanations offered in the literature and evaluates their empirical standing.     

Unemployment and self-employment: a survey

The currently high level of unemployment emphasises the importance (in policy terms) of the potential contribution of a self employment alternative. Here the author examines the available UK evidence on the degree of movement from unemployment to self employment, the factors influencing this movement and the role of labour market information and training.     

“知识失业”的原因与对策

知识失业不仅仅是一个经济现象,更是一个关系到经济、社会、家庭、学校多方面的社会现象。经济结构失衡和劳动力市场制度性分割是我国知识性失业的深层次原因,该问题的解决是一个长期的过程,应转变经济结构,加快产业升级,加大产品的科技含量和创新;深化体制改革,改变劳动力市场分割制度的局面,建立统一的,全国的劳动力市场体系。     

Unemployment in East and West Europe

We use new 1991–2005 panel data to address the issue of unemployment in Central-East Europe. We compare the evolution of unemployment, its dynamics and related phenomena in five former communist economies in the Central Europe and use the geographically close West Germany as a benchmark for a mature market economy. We identify the differences and similarities in the evolution of the key labor market variables and contrast different outcomes with the diverse initial conditions and subsequent paths. All countries have experienced aggregate demand shocks, structural shocks and hysteresis. Despite diverse initial conditions and subsequent paths, the patterns observed are surprisingly similar. The eastern part of Germany appears to be a special case with extraordinary high unemployment inflows. Contrary to the theoretical models, in the transition economies we do not observe an initially rapid rise in the inflow rate, followed by a convergence of this rate to the levels of market economies. Rather, there is a relatively gradual rise in the inflow rate towards the level of market economies. The differences in unemployment rates turn out to be attributable to a considerable extent to the actual differences in the inflow rates. The trajectories in the unemployment-vacancy space observed in the Central-East European countries increasingly resemble those observed in the developed market economies. Interestingly, these similarities arise despite differences in the institutional setting across these economies.     

Defense Spending and Unemployment Rates:

A bstract . Empirical evidence is provided, using vectorautoregressive techniques, that the employment impacts of defense spending are not equally distributed among racial and gender lines and across time. While increases in defense spending were generally found to be associated with increases in each of the unemployment rates , in the 1980s, it was observed that black males were most severely impacted by such spending, while white males were least severely impacted. It is hypothesized that this finding is consistent with a military industrial complex that has become increasingly complex and which focuses more on high tech weapons procurement than on personnel and maintenance concerns. In contrast, non-defense spending increases were associated with unemployment rate decreases in all categories. However, in terms of the distribution of these "favorable" impacts, white males benefitted the most and black males benefitted the least.     

Unemployment: Subsidies and Minimum Wages

The author outlines the 1981 'Youth Workers Scheme' he devised, and contends it was both successful and cheap. Minimum wages and wages councils are pernicious, the first ensuring that young people are priced out of hobs and the second leading to the suppression of competition.