A model of population distribution,traffic congestion,and neighborhood crowding in a circular city

An idealized static equilibrium model of a circularly symmetric city is presented. The model allows one to compute the spatial distribution of residences, given certain simple and plausible assumptions about the “costs” of transport, housing and neighborhood crowding. The model is chosen so as to guarantee that in first approximation, the residential population distribution which would be considered optimal by a perfect planner is identical to the distribution reached in a push-shove, laissez-faire equilibrium. This aspect of the construction is shown to be related in a simple way to the familiar “external diseconomy” situation in which a free resource is allocated among alternative uses by equating average, rather than marginal products. The existence of an infinite class of models in which the associated planner's optimum and laissez-faire equilibria are equivalent follows naturally from the standard theory of the private and social costs of highway congestion. The model leads naturally to exponentially falling population distributions which exhibit an “urban-suburban” dichotomy, to a particular overall city size, and to an optimal allocation of land between transport and residential uses.     

Efficient land use in an equilibrium residential annulus

An efficient land use is one in which land is divided between residential activity and roads so as to minimize aggregate transportation costs. We analyze such an allocation for the case in which each consumer is in equilibrium. The problem synthesizes the approaches in the Mills-de Ferranti analysis and the Solow analysis. In Solow's analysis consumers were in equilibrium but land was allocated by rule of thumb; in that of Mills and de Ferranti land was efficiently allocated in aggregate but each consumer was allocated a fixed area for his residence. Our efficient allocation has a Nash equilibirum characterization. The efficient land allocation is characterized by declining convex functions of distance from the CBD for density on roads and for land rents. The nature of the pattern of land in road use is investigated.     

The social cost of through traffic: Contribution to the suburban-central city exploitation thesis

This paper deals with the conflict between local and through traffic when allocating land for transportation at the expense of residential consumption. The model developed in this paper gives the optimal allocation of land between both uses, via Pontryagin's Maximum Principle, and shows the impact of through traffic on the urban structure, on local transportation costs and on the cost of housing supply. The cost functionals are used to measure the total burden to the inner city and a connection is made to the ongoing discussion of the ‘exploitation’ thesis.     

Existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and optimal land use: Boundary rent curve approach

This paper presents a simple constructive proof of the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium or optimal solution for a class of residential land use problems. Our approach is based on the concept of boundary rent curves, and provides a direct computational algorithm. Although our approach works only for a limited class of problems, the most land use problems for which definite results can be obtained from comparative statics or stability analysis are included in this class.     

城镇住宅建设用地使用权到期续期费用测算方案研究

从法律政策、短期住宅建设用地使用权到期续期的现实案例可以看出,住宅建设用地使用权到期后自动续期并不代表不需要缴纳续期费用.因此,研究续期费用的测算方案就显得尤为关键和重要.城镇住宅建设用地使用权到期续期费用测算应以家庭拥有住宅实际分摊的土地使用权面积为对象,并统筹考虑续期缴费对象的价格时点、续期年限、续期次数、土地出让...     

长沙市住宅地价空间分布研究

本文根据长沙市市区2008年-2012年的土地交易资料,结合近年来长沙市住宅土地的具体出让情况,采用GIS空间分析方法,得到地价等值线图,并结合地价相关理论知识,分析了长沙市市区住宅地价的空间分布特征及其影响因素。研究表明:(1)住宅地价空间分布具有一定的连续性和变异性;(2)距商业中心的远近对住宅地价的空间分布有重要的影响;(3)住宅用地对居住环境质量要求较高。     

On the possibility and optimality of positive rent gradients

The assertion that externalities from low density can create positive residential rent gradients is examined in several cases: optimal externality internalization (zoning), excessive and insufficient restriction, and no internalization. In all cases positive rent gradients are unlikely (i.e., require land to be an inferior good), unstable, or impossible. In addition, easily interpretable welfare conditions are found as a result of consumer and social welfare maximization. The Alonso-Muth-Mills model is found to be quite robust.     

浙江宅基地和农房产权制度调查研究

基于2009-2010年组织的浙江10个县(市、区)农户和官员问卷调研,描述浙江宅基地与农房产权管理现状,论述各地宅基地与农房产权制度改革实践探索情况,并分析宅基地与农房产权制度改革需求和方向。调查分析表明,当前各地宅基地与产权管理现状差异较大,农户和官员对宅基地与产权制度改革需求较大。建议采取有力措施,推动宅基地与农房产权制度改革,保障农民的财产权益,提高农民的财产性收入。     

我国农村宅基地市场化改革的基础、问题及对策

农村宅基地市场化改革是农村集体建设用地市场化改革的一部分,也是我国城镇化进程的一个重要组成部分。目前,我国农村包括宅基地在内的集体建设用地市场化运行明显滞后,很有必要对农村宅基地进行市场化改革。本文从土地的基础性理论入手,对农村宅基地市场化改革的可行性进行分析,以期寻找其存在的问题,进而提出一些对策建议。     

北京土地价格空间分布特征——基于单中心城市的视角

为了解具有单中心城市牦最的北京市．土地价格空间分布特征,从理论上分析单中心城市土地价格的空间分布特征并提出相应假设,构建土地价格的Hedonic模型,利用北京2005—2013年住宅和办公用地微观交易价格数据进行假设的实证检验。结果显示：（1）北京住宅和办公用地的区位属性、物理属性和邻里属性对其价格有显著决定作用,且该决定作用随土地市场的成熟而逐渐增强;（2）北京住宅和办公用地价格与该区位到城市中心的距离负相关,而随时间推移,两类土地价格从城市中心向外的降低速度逐渐变快。     

Measuring the costs of height restrictions with a general equilibrium model

This paper investigates the costs of residential height restrictions, using a numerically solvable general equilibrium model which is based on residential location theory and which has several novel features. The time and money costs of travel are treated separately, households demand recreational land as well as structure and, most importantly, actual construction cost data are used in an activity analysis formulation of the supply side of the housing market. There are two major conclusions. First, households' demand for recreational land is significant; ignoring it results in simulated cities considerably smaller and denser than is observed. Secondly, residential height restrictions merit serious consideration since their costs appear to be quite modest.     

Urban residential land rent function: An alternative Muth-Mills model

The urban residential land rent function has been studied extensively in the field of urban economics, and the land rent function of Muth and Mills is considered to be one of the typical functional forms which is used in empirical studies. However, the model of Muth and Mills simply assumed the demand function for housing services to be a power function of income, which gives rise to a question. The main purpose of this paper is to derive an alternative form of the urban residential land rent function which is consistent with the utility maximization behavior of consumers and to discuss the estimation procedure of the derived land rent function.     

乡镇驻地土地利用规模与价格敏感度分析--以湖北省大冶市还地桥镇为例

研究目的：针对目前我国乡镇驻地住宅用地面积庞大、工业占地面积大、商业面积狭小的现状，分析乡镇驻地人均占地面积大、土地利用粗放的原因，提出乡镇土地集约节约利用土地的对策。研究方法：敏感度模型与实证分析。研究结论：乡镇驻地商业与住宅用地价格对土地利用规模的敏感度一般，但是乡镇驻地工业用地价格敏感度极低，反映在乡镇驻地工业用地价格过低，导致工业占地面积大，乡镇土地利用混乱。乡镇驻地可以通过价格调节商业、住宅用地规模，但工业用地的规模更多的需要行政或者法律等其他手段进行调节，从而达到挖掘乡镇驻地土地利用潜力，节约集约利用土地的目的。     

建立农村宅基地流转退出机制的相关思考

本文针对目前农村宅基地自发流转普遍、宅基地退出机制缺失的现状,确定了宅基地流转机制以规范和监管为主、宅基地退出机制以引导和激励为主的总体构建思路。然后结合实际情况,具体构建了宅基地流转"规范——激励——压力"机制与宅基地退出"引导——激励——压力"机制。     

Existence of continuous residential land-use equilibria

This paper presents a general result on the existence of competitive equilibria for residential land markets in continuous space. Following standard residential land-use theory, such markets are postulated to involve finitely many types of household continua bidding for land within a continuous finite-dimensional space. In contrast to the standard approach of defining an excess-demand correspondence on a price space, the problem here is reformulated in terms of a ‘population excess-supply correspondence’ on a utility space. This approach allows the analysis to be carried out entirely in terms of finite-dimensional methods, and in particular, allows standard types of fixed-point arguments to be employed.     

多空间尺度普通住宅用地的合理地价研究

本文通过房价收入比、地价房价比的关系对住宅市场地价水平的合理值进行估计,用区间分析法来研究普通住宅用地的合理地价区间。考虑到区域差距、行业收入差距大,对国家级、省市级、地区级甚至细化到城市的环线和小区级别,对不同空间尺度下的中等收入家庭年收入等参数进行分析,来估计不同空间尺度下的普通住宅用地的合理地价水平。这有助于建立风险预警系统,引导房地产业向健康稳健方向发展。     

Affordable dwelling-layout system design—A model for optimization

The systems nature of the residential land planning has been outlined and an optimization model for minimizing the cost of a layout has been presented earlier. In the present paper, a model for optimal design of the dwelling-layout system, consisting of the dwelling as well as the residential layout, has been developed. In this model, which is also a non-linear programming problem, maximizing the dwelling space has been taken as the objective function. Affordable cost and physical design standards such as density, public open space, circulation interval, have been taken as the constraints in the model. The problem has been solved using the geometric programming technique and the programme developed by the author. Using this model, a dwelling-layout system could be designed directly to achieve the maximum benefit i.e. maximum dwelling space, within the given affordable cost and fulfilling the given physical design standards mentioned above.     

Optimal city size,land tenure and the economic theory of clubs

In this paper, a connection is made between urban population size in the presence of increasing returns to scale, and the economic theory of clubs. It is shown that under certain conditions, the optimal size of the population is finite and that collective action are transferable concepts from the theory of clubs. The model is also solved in a closed format, i.e., including rent payments as part of total income, under two redistribution schemes. It is shown that the optimal size of the population is independent of the mode of ownership of the urban residential land, when the transportation cost function is linear.     

Congestable local public goods in an urban setting

In this paper, we recognize two types of unpure local public goods (LPGs): congestable and pollutable. This paper and the forthcoming one (Clubs in an urban setting, mimeo, 1980) are devoted to congestable LPGs (CLPG). In Part I we define, classify, and characterize CLPGs. CLPGs may vary in their degree of congestability between zero, in the case of a pure LPG, and one, in the case of a private good. Spatially, we recognize two types of LPGs: the dispersed LPG (DiLPG) and the concentrated LPG (CoLPG). The first is distributed throughout the residential ring and the second is provided in specific locations to which households must travel. The second part of this paper is devoted to the investigation of the properties of a CDiLPG in an urban setting. The properties of CoLPG are investigated in (Clubs in an urban setting, mimeo, 1980). A version of Samuelson's rule as to the optimal allocation of pure public goods is extended on one hand to local dispersed public goods and on the other hand to CLPGs. Two corrective Pigouvian taxes are identified: congestion tolls levied on households, and a residential land tax. These two taxes cover total government expenditure on the LPG. The fraction of the expenses on the LPG covered by congestion tolls is α, and that covered by land taxes is (1 − α), where α is the degree of congestability. Efficiency can also be achieved by zoning the residential ring and regulating the housing density in it. This procedure may replace taxation and its advantage is that we can control a large number of externalities by a single set of zoning rules and regulations. An a posteriori rule to guide the local government as to the desirability of its actions is provided.     

Decomposing the growth in residential land in the United States

This paper decomposes the growth in land occupied by residences in the United States to give the relative contributions of changing demographics versus changes in residential land per household. Between 1976 and 1992 the amount of residential land in the United States grew 47.7% while population only grew 17.8%. At first glance, this suggest an important role for per-household increases. However, the calculations in this paper show that only 24.5% of the growth in residential land area can be attributed to state-level changes in land per household. 37.3% is due to overall population growth, 22.6% to an increase in the number of households over this period, 6% to the shift of population towards states with larger houses, and the remaining 9.6% to interactions between these changes. There are large differences across states and metropolitan areas in the relative importance of these components.