Cost-benefit analysis and the use of urban land for transportation

This paper investigates the allocation of resources, particularly land, within a suburban city where transportation is subject to congestion. In the competitive case, the allocation of land is decided (erroneously) by cost-benefit analysis. This is, perhaps, the best model of the real world process, at this level of abstraction. It is found that the road then built is wider everywhere than the road in the fully optimum case. Hence, if taxes and regulations will eventually be imposed to reduce the gap between the social and private cost of commuting, possibly too much land is now used for roads in American cities.     

Modeling the density variations of urban land uses with transportation network congestion

Perhaps the single most distinctive character of urban activity that distinguishes it from rural and regional activities is the intensive use of urban land. While the nature of density variations of urban land uses and their associated land rents are well understood, there have been few operational urban models that explicitly address the density variations of land uses. The paper presents a combined land use-transportation model, in which transportation congestion costs on networks of various transportation modes are simultaneously determined with the efficient intensity level of land uses. The procedure uses a nonlinear programming approach within the context of a multicommodity flow/input-output model.     

The impact of transportation cost uncertainty on urban structure

Under an uncertain transportation cost, residential choice is made before the actual state of the world reveals itself. Formally, this resembles the theory of saving under uncertainty. Exploring this resemblance, we investigate the effect on urban structure of introducing uncertainty in transportation cost. Our main conclusion is that risk does not necessarily have the same effect on the city that an increase in transportation cost does in the deterministic case. If the utility function obeys the ‘principle of decreasing risk aversion to concentration’, introducing risk causes the urban area to contract (as in the case of an increasing transportation cost), but the equilibrium utility level may either increase or decrease. If, on the other hand, utility does not satisfy the above principle, introducing risk causes the utility level to decline (as if the case of an increasing transportation cost), but the urban area may either expand or contract.     

城市交通与城市空间结构演变

通过回顾城市交通和城市空间结构的发展演变过程,研究通过城市交通引导城市空间结构健康"生长"的有效途径,提出通过公共交通引导城市发展的TOD模式,以及适合中国特色的和谐城市形态和城市交通.     

Alternative transportation modes in an urban land use model: A general equilibrium approach

This paper presents and analyzes a general equilibrium transportation demand model. The model was applied to hypothetical cities with populations of 1 and 2 million. Data and coefficients for those cities were obtained from existing metropolitan areas of equivalent sizes. A subway system is found to be uneconomical in the hypothetical city with one million population and with an average population density of 4400 per square mile. However, it is found to be economical and desirable for the hypothetical city with two million population and with an average density of 6900 per square mile.     

Effects of urban transportation system change on land prices in the setting of owner-occupied residence

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of transportation improvement on the land development process and land price structure in an owner-occupied residence setting. A dynamic model of household and landowner in which the role of land as an asset is explicitly considered is presented, and the process of land development and land price change after the announcement of transportation improvement is investigated. During the period between the announcement and the completion of urban transportation improvement, it is observed that the price of the land that is presently used for agriculture but will be developed in the future is higher than the agricultural land price.     

城市交通出行影响因素的计量检验

在国内外相关研究的基础上,通过国内40个交通出行样本数据的计量分析,建立了平均出行距离和出行时耗的多元回归方程,发现城市规模是影响单中心城市平均出行距离和出行时耗的主要因素,公交车分担率的提高相应增加了平均出行时耗,而高密度的城市开发有利于出行距离和出行时耗的降低.     

Optimal allocation of measurements in a linear calibration process

A problem of allocation of measurements for a linear calibration process is considered in this article. It is assumed that a total of N measurements are made some of which may be measurements on two distinct standards, while the remaining measurements are on m different unknown specimens. We discuss allocation of the N measurements for the two standards and m unknown specimens based on A-optimality criterion, which is applied to asymptotic variances of maximum likelihood estimators for the true values of unknown specimens. It can be shown that the optimal allocation depends on the true values of unknown specimens. Hence, the user may resort to locally or Bayesian A-optimal measurement designs. Some practical solution is presented. Furthermore, the impact of prior on the allocation is also discussed.     

城市中心区交通模式研究

伴随着城市化的迅猛发展及新一轮城市总体规划的调整 ,我国城市不仅面临着城市规模的不断扩大 ,而且面临着城市内部的功能调整。城市用地结构的变化主要集中于两个方面 :城市郊区化及城市中心区的整治。城市郊区化推动的人口和产业的外迁 ,为城市中心区产业结构的重组与功能的优化创造了的条件。不少城市已经将建设中央商务区提上议事日程。城市中心区一般位于城市的几何中心 ,是城市发展历史最长、土地使用强度最高、公共活动强度最大的地区 ,城市中心区的发展面临环境、人口的一系列压力 ,其中如何建立高效、便捷的城市交通系统是目前各大…     

围绕大尺度生态绿地的利益博弈

在快速城市化背景下,城市近郊地带大尺度生态绿地存在着围绕开发与保护的诸多压力,其间也发生着众多权益归属的激烈纷争与博弈.以南京青龙山一大连山地区、扬州扬子津地区为实证,对其城市近郊区大尺度生态绿地开发与保护过程中各种权益的博弈进行分析,并提出了应对策略.     

城市土地空间结构演变及其驱动机制分析

城市土地利用空间结构及其演变一直是城市地理学、城市经济学、城市规划学、土地利用学等学科研究的核心与热点问题.当前我国城市土地利用正处在快速城市化的开端,在未来近半个多世纪的时期中,将一直处于急剧突变进程之中.加强对我国城市土地空间结构演变及其驱动机制的研究,有助于我们从城市用地结构演变的根源分析问题.本文简要概括了城市土地利用空间结构的相关研究,分析了城市用地空间结构演变在空间上的两种表现形式,并在此基础上分析了城市用地空间结构演变的动力主体、驱动力和驱动机制,以期为更好地促进城市土地利用结构的优化提供相应的参考.     

广州市城乡结合部土地配置的问题与对策——以番禺区为例

结合广州番禺区的案例研究,分析了城乡结合部土地利用的状况和土地流转的方式,归纳出了当前土地配置中的问题所在。从体制、管治、操作三个层面探究了问题的根源,并提出了城乡结合部土地配置的对策。     

改善中国城市交通与环境问题

本文系中国环境与国际发展合作委员会环境与交通专家工作组在对国内外十多个城市交通与环境状况调查的基础上 ,经过一年多认真分析研究提出的《改善中国城市交通与环境问题的建议书》。建议书对我国当前城市交通问题的分析较准确 ,所提出的观点鲜明、政策与措施建议针对性较强。现特刊出供读者学习参考。     

基于系统动力学的城市产业用地结构研究

土地资源正面I临着空前的危机,城市土地供给结构性矛盾突出.因此,研究城市产业用地结构,对优化土地利用结构,提高土地利用效率具有重要的意义.本文根据系统动力学理论,分析了城市土地利用的系统结构及其影响因素,通过建立产业用地与人口、经济、社会、生态的系统动力学模型,提出了确定合理的城市产业用地结构及规模的思路,拟为土地资源的有效管理和可持续利用提供依据.     

城市用地控制标准执行状况及评析

在对我国当前城市用地扩张控制标准执行情况进行闸述的基础上,具体分析了导致当前我国城市用地扩张控制标准执行失效的原因,并就如何完善城市用地扩张控制标准提出了相关建议.     

Optimal allocation of the sample size to strata under box constraints

In stratified random sampling without replacement boundary conditions, such as the sample sizes within strata shall not exceed the population sizes in the respective strata, have to be considered. Stenger and Gabler (Metrika, 61:137–156, 2005) have shown a solution that satisfies upper boundaries of sample fractions within the strata. However, in modern applications one may wish to guarantee also minimal sampling fractions within strata in order to allow for reasonable separate estimations. Within this paper, an optimal allocation in the Neyman-Tschuprov sense is developed which satisfies upper and lower bounds of the sample sizes within strata. Further, a stable algorithm is given which ensures optimality. The resulting sample allocation enables users to bound design weights within stratified random sampling while considering optimality in allocation.     

我国城市土地储备的几个问题

土地储备是指城市政府对通过收回、收购、置换、征用等方式取得的土地进行前期开发、整理 ,并予储存 ,以供应和调控城市各类建设用地的需求 ,确保政府切实垄断土地一级市场的一种管理制度。它包括土地储备机构的功能定位 ,土地储备的模式 ,土地储备资金的筹集管理和投资风险及规避等方面的内容。     

城市生态交通系统综合评价方法框架浅析

指出生态交通是生态城市发展的理想模式,也是城市交通发展的趋势.在全面分析交通系统结构和作用机制的基础上,提出了基于DPSIR模型的城市生态交通系统综合评价体系的框架.在此框架中,初步选取了具体指标,建立了综合评价的指标集,并提出了生态化综合指数的计算方法,以此测度城市交通生态化水平.