Protecting Intellectual Property Rights: The Special Case of China

China is the largest source of counterfeit goods. Both U.S. and European Union customs statistics put the People's Republic of China at the top of the list of pirated product seizures. Along with the remarkable growth in the Chinese economy and exports has come the growth of counterfeit product production and distribution throughout the world. To present a full picture of the many intellectual property rights (IPR) protection problems in China this article reviews Chinese history and traditional attitudes toward individual ownership of IP under Confucianism and communism. Finally, the article presents a view of the current enforcement of IPR rights in China describing the major difficulties encountered by rights owners.     

《物权法》:国家、公民财产权利保障书

《中华人民共和国物权法》是一部明确物的归属、保护物权、充分发挥物的效用、维护市场经济秩序、维护国家基本经济制度、关系人民群众切身利益的民事基本法律,是法律体系中起支架作用的重要法典。它的作用:一是定分止争,通过确认物的归属,加强对物权的保护,达到维护社会正常秩序的目的。它与社会公众的衣食住行和生老病死等切身利益息息相关,密不可分,被称为"公民财产权利保障书"。二是促进物尽其用,通过规范物权人的权利义务,为物权人充分利用财产提供良好的法制环境,鼓励权利人创造财富,积累财富,扩展物业。它在总结我国民事立法和司法活动长期积累的经验基础上,结合中国的实际情况,设计出了一整套体系完备的物权法律规则,是一部保障安居乐业法,也是一部促进经济发展、构建和谐社会法。     

Some Bad News Is Good News for Foreign Investors: The Case of Intellectual Property Rights Infringement in China

Despite China's attractiveness to foreign investors, intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in China has not caught up with international standards. This research aims to quantify the relationships between IPR violations, government effectiveness, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the context of China. Our econometric modeling and estimation based on provincial level data over 2002‐2012 show that in an early development stage of law and regulatory enforcement, the bad news of a rising number of IPR dispute cases signals the good news of an improvement in law and regulatory enforcement, which encourages IPR owners to raise legal cases. By contrast, in the later development stage, when law and regulatory enforcement has become much more effective, the bad news of a rising number of IPR disputes manifests itself as very bad news. Furthermore, this study confirms that FDI inflows enhance IPR protection through improving government effectiveness, and government effectiveness is one of the key factors promoting FDIs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

农地产权制度与农村经济绩效研究

本文旨在解释相同的土地质量但其产出效益却相差巨大的谜题,认为完善的农地产权制度是提高农村经济绩效的基础,并指出我国农地产权改革的路径应该是把农民树立为农地所有权的人格化主体、赋予农民完整的处置权和收益权。经过这一改革,将有利于农地价值的显性化、农地的资本化、农地产出效率的提高以及租、费、税的明确界定。     

Can Intellectual Property Rights Affect Multinational Enterprises’ Entry Modes? The Chilean Case

Abstract

Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) can choose between exporting, introducing foreign direct investment (FDI), and licensing to a domestic firm among other modes of entry to a new market. Yet, this decision may be affected by the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR). Thus, this paper analyzes the effect of stronger IPR on the entry modes chosen by MNEs. We propose a theoretical model that predicts that in the presence of stronger IPR, MNEs would choose licensing instead of FDI as an entry mode. We test the predictions of the model using plant-level data for Chile for the period 2001–2007. We exploit the exogenous reform of IPR in 2005, controlling for the activities of industries where high levels of technology transfer and imitation are important factors. The main results show that stronger IPR change the mode of entry chosen by MNEs. In this case, FDI is replaced by licensing. This is explained by Chile’s high absorptive capacity during this period. We test whether this effect differs across high- and low-tech industries and conclude that the displacement of FDI is less severe in high-tech industries.     

Participation and Property Rights

This paper puts forward an argument for stakeholder rights. It begins by exploring two major answers to the question, 'in whose interests should the commercial company function?'. One claims parity for other stakeholders alongside the shareholder on the basis of a theory of property rights, and another on a theory of citizenship. Each of these answers, it is argued, fail to convince. The way forward is to recast the initial question, not asking in whose interest the company should function, but which type of interest, potentially located in any sort of person, might the company serve. That interest is identified and distinguished from others that people affected by corporations might have. These distinctions then provide the basis for an argument in favour of enfranchising two sorts of individual: sovereign stakeholders, in charge of monitoring the formulation and revision of company objectives; and secondary stakeholders, who along with those in the first category monitor the means used to achieve those objectives. The paper concludes that these distinctions should lead us to reconsider other elements in the corporate governance debate, such as the nature of a director's fiduciary duty; and the difference between democracy in corporations and democracy in the wider society.     

国外经济自由的测度及启示

如何定量化地测度政府对经济自由的支持程度是政策研究者关心的问题之一。本文围绕经济自由的内涵与定义、指标体系的构建以及指标权重的确定方法等问题,对国外有关学者、机构的观点和争论进行梳理,着重介绍了Fraser Institute和Heritage Foundation的测算工作,在此基础上总结了如何合理看待及应用经济自由测度指标的若干启示。     

国有企业产权制度变革过程的政治经济学分析

国有企业产权制度是由最高(政治)决策者的利益决定的,但当就业压力、经济增长压力不断增大,制度的边际报酬趋于递减,以致不利于最高(政治)决策者维护政权稳定之时,改革必然会启动。在有限理性的局限下,为了保证政权的稳定,国家必然不可能进行一次性的彻底改革。但是在外部竞争压力和企业内部人对国家利益的侵蚀下,非彻底的改革导致原有产权制度下的风险不断增加,当这些事后的风险危及到国家目标的实现时,国家将不得不推进改革,这是改革得以持续推进的基本动力。     

刑事被追诉人财产权救济制度研究

在权利易受权力侵犯的刑事诉讼场域,建立被追诉人财产权救济制度,是有权利必有救济理论、诉讼主体理论以及人性恶预设理论的必然要求。权利救济内容不完善、救济义务主体不中立以及重要权利救济方式的缺失,是当前我国被追诉人财产权救济制度存在的主要弊端。我国应树立程序正义、救济为民的理念,在刑事诉讼中进一步完善被追诉人财产权救济内容、设置相对中立的被追诉人财产权救济义务主体以及增设财产保护令等。     

从经济均衡角度分析我国小产权房问题

小产权房是我国城市化迅速发展和商品房价格快速上涨过程中出现的特定产物。微观经济主体的利益驱动是小产权房生成和增加的内在动力,小产权房的出现和发展对整个经济社会的效益实现了提升,其存在具有某种程度上的必然性和现实合理性。从经济均衡角度分析,小产权房问题的解决必须综合权衡法律、社会和经济因素,强制拆除和不利管制的极端作法都是不可取的,而选择最优的解决策略,即将小产权房问题与保障性住房建设有机结合,实现社会效益和经济利益最大化。这是协调处理的好法律、经济、社会问题的可行路径。     

The Ethical and Economic Case for Sweatshop Regulation

Three types of objections have been raised against sweatshops. According to their critics, sweatshops are (1) exploitative, (2) coercive, and (3) harmful to workers. In “The Ethical and Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment,” Powell and Zwolinski critique all three objections and thereby offer what is arguably the most powerful defense of sweatshops in the philosophical literature to date. This article demonstrates that, whether or not unregulated sweatshops are exploitative or coercive, they are, pace Powell and Zwolinski, harmful to workers.     

Economic Prospects in Hungary: The Rise of The Private Sector

After introducing many market-oriented reforms during the 1980s, Hungary was in a good position to move rapidly towards a market-type economy after 1989. Because of trade shocks and restraint on domestic demand, Hungary suffered similar falls in output to other countries in eastern Europe. But it encouraged start-ups of new firms, welcomed foreign investment and undertook an active programme of privatisation. After some initial experience with uncontrolled privatisation, the State Property Agency was set up to supervise the process. At first it operated in a very centralised way, but more recently it has seen the need to operate in a decentralised manner. To manage those firms which will remain in state hands for some years, the State Assets Management Company was recently established. Overall, the combination of new start-ups and privatisation of state-owned firms is rapidly creating a more dynamic economy, which should soon start to grow out of the present recession.     

产权市场与引进外资

我国加入ＷＴＯ之际，在回顾上海产权市场７年来引进外资，开辟新渠道基础上，如何在引进外资中采用国际通行的并购方式，提出了进一步转变观念，简化操作规程，建立快速通道，坚持“ 公”原则，完善并购法规，强化配套服务等新举措以推动外资并购投资的发展。     

公共服务资本化与房产市值:对中国是否应当开征房地产税的启示

当下的中国应不应当开征房地产税、为什么应当开征？本文试图从捕获公共服务价值的角度,利用基础教育在房产市场上资本化的数据提供证据,促进这方面的研究并为决策提供参考.本文以北京市海淀区为样本,锁定三类小学划片,使用从房产中介网站获取的2013和2014年年中、年底总计4波共5442套房产数据,控制各种因素进行回归分析,发现市重点和区重点划片的单位房价比普通小学划片分别高出30％和5％.2014年北京市推出史上最严“免试就近入学”措施,倍差法回归分析发现:该政策实施后,区重点小学划片的房价提升了近3％.本文的结果是我国基础教育资本化的直接证据,表明宽税基的房地产税作为价值捕获工具,应当在中国开征.     

自由贸易的新障碍:知识产权壁垒

近年来，随着知识产权保护水平的不断提高，出现了一种新形式的非关税壁垒一知识产权壁垒。它在知识产权保护的名义下，比传统的非关税壁垒更具隐蔽性、歧视性和报复性，对国际贸易的影响日益加深，因此应引起有关国家的高度关注。像中国这样的发展中国家应深入了解研究WTO规则，加强自主知识产权的开发，完善国内立法，以更好地应对国际知识产权壁垒。     

Intellectual Property Rights,FDI, R&D and Economic Growth: A Cross‐country Empirical Analysis

This paper aims to empirically examine how intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection, foreign direct investment (FDI) and research and development (R&D), along with other possible variables, may affect the economic growth of the host country. Using the panel data of 92 countries during 1970–2007, I conclude from the system generalised method of moments estimation that domestic investment share, FDI, R&D capacity, openness to trade, human capital and IPRs protection all have statistically significant and positive impacts on economic growth. A further investigation of countries at different levels of development suggests two striking findings. First, besides the domestic investment, openness, human capital and IPRs protection, R&D is the key to drive economic growth in the higher‐income countries, while FDI is the engine of growth in both higher‐income and middle‐income countries. Second, a positive and significant impact of IPRs protection on economic growth is found in both higher‐income and lower‐income countries. However, such an impact is not detected in the middle‐income countries.     

经济分权与县域经济增长:以浙江省为例

本文尝试定量分析地方经济分权对县域经济增长的影响,发现浙江省逐层推进的省管县体制改革可以作为识别经济分权政策效果的一个"准自然实验",基于该样本并利用双重差分模型研究经济管理权限下放对县域经济增长的影响。研究结果表明,经济分权改革有助于扩权县的经济增长,固定资产投资、城乡居民储蓄水平、人口密度、工业化程度对浙江县域经济增长有显著正向影响。本文的研究为地方政府分权改革的合理性提供了必要的证据。     

国有企业改革中的产权效率研究

在对企业产权效率的概念进行明确界定的基础上 ,通过引入效用函数模型来研究我国国有企业的所有者代表的行为与企业产权效率的关系 ,评述了已有的国有企业改革对企业产权效率的影响 ,并提出了相应的政策建议。