Testing for Processor Market Power in the Markets for Cattle and Hogs in Canada

Deviations of livestock input prices from processor marginal value product are usually interpreted as an indication of the application of market power by the meat packing industry. However, market power depends on economic conditions that can influence the behavior of meat packers in the market for cattle and hogs. An industry-level translog profit function is applied to data on the Canadian finished cattle and hog markets and industry-wide oligopsony market power functions are estimated. The estimates suggest beef packers exercised a small but sustained amount of market power in the Canadian finished cattle market from 1978 to 1997. This is not the case in the market for hogs, which was competitive from 1960 to 1997. Application of market power in packers'purchases of farm animals decreased with increases in the utilization of domestic supply of slaughter animals and with increased levels of livestock exports. Livestock productivity increases appear to have significantly enhanced oligopsony power in packers'purchases of farm animals. The analysis suggests that beef processors may exert market power when cattle prices are relatively higher.     

Tariff-Rate Quota Liberalization: The Case of World Price Uncertainty and Supply Management

This paper examines the options for liberalizing tariff-rate quotas when a marketing board controls domestic production and international prices are stochastic. Lowering over-quota tariff and increasing import quota volumes are not equivalent. The trade-offs between the two types of trade reforms are examined through numerical simulations for the Canadian chicken industry. Introducing world price variability results in a distribution of welfare impacts for the different groups in the industry. Consumers and processors gain more with tariff liberalization than with increased import quotas. The difference in producer surplus between liberalization regimes is truncated so that producers only see down-side risk under the tariff liberalization regime.
Le présent article a examiné les options concernant la libéralisation des contingents tarifaires lorsqu'un office de commercialisation encadre la production nationale et que les prix internationaux sont stochastiques. Diminuer le taux de droit hors contingent et augmenter les volumes de contingent d'importation ne sont pas des options équivalentes. Nous avons examiné les deux types de réforme commerciale en effectuant des simulations numériques pour le secteur du poulet au Canada. Incorporer la variabilité du prix mondial provoque une distribution de répercussions sur le bien-être des divers groupes du secteur. Les consommateurs et les transformateurs gagnent davantage en appliquant une libéralisation des droits hors contingent qu'en appliquant une augmentation des contingents d'importation. La différence quant au surplus des producteurs entre les régimes de libéralisation est tronquée de sorte que les producteurs ne voient que le risque de perte sous un régime de libéralisation tarifaire.     

Decoupling Direct Payments and the Dynamics of Decisions under Price Risk in Cattle Farms

The impact of decoupling direct payments from production on producers' decisions, taking account of price uncertainty and risk aversion, is analysed through a multi‐period mathematical programming model. This model is applied to beef cattle farms in two French regions: Limousin and Pays de la Loire. The technical coefficients are represented by an engineering production function estimated for both regions. The behavioural parameters have been obtained through a survey and model calibration. Policy changes have been modelled through different simulation scenarios relating to the decoupling of direct payments. Model results show that decoupling policies produce a more homogenous response from different types of farmers. The share of cattle activities on farms decreases and the production techniques become less intensive.     

The Diversity of Farmers' Risk Management Strategies in a Deregulated New Zealand Environment

In this paper, the results of a nation-wide survey of New Zealand sheep and beef farmers are presented. Multivariate statistical techniques are used to identify groups of farmers who differ in their risk management practices. Five groups are identified. They are labelled income risk reducers, capital managers, part-timers, debt and market risk managers, and production managers. These groups differ in their perceptions of risk sources and in some farm and farmer characteristics. Reasons for these differences are identified and discussed in the context of deregulation.     

Price Dynamics in a Vertical Sector: The Case of Butter

We develop a reduced-form model of price transmission in a vertical sector, allowing for refined asymmetric, contemporaneous and lagged, own and cross-price effects under time-varying volatility. The model is used to investigate the wholesale-retail price dynamics in the U.S. butter market. The analysis documents the nature of nonlinear price dynamics in a vertical sector. It finds strong evidence of asymmetric retail price responses, both in the short term and the longer term, but only weak evidence of asymmetric wholesale price responses. Asymmetric retail responses play a major role in generating a skewed distribution of butter prices. The empirical results indicate the presence of imperfect competition at the retail level.     

Anti-Corporate Farming Laws and Industry Structure: The Case of Cattle Feeding

Nine midwestern states have laws that restrict the involvement of publicly held corporations in agriculture. Opponents argue that the laws' direct efforts to regulate ownership structure may have an adverse indirect impact on size structure. Restricting corporate involvement might stifle the emergence and growth of efficient, large-scale establishments if corporations have advantages over other organizational forms in meeting capital requirements. Since 1982, Nebraska has had an anti-corporate farming law that prohibits corporate ownership of feedlots. We test whether the implementation of the Nebraska law had an impact on the stochastic process governing the evolution of the state's feedlot size distribution.     

The Simultaneous Hedging of Price Risk, Crop Yield Risk and Currency Risk

This study analyzes the joint hedging decision of a Canadian firm in U S. based price and yield futures. The key results of this study are that jointly hedging price and yield can reduce more revenue risk than hedging only with price futures. For offshore hedgers, the evidence shows that foreign exchange risk is important and can be reduced by jointly hedging in the currency futures markets.
Nous analysons les décisions de couverture multiple d'une entreprise canadienne contre les risques afférents aux prix et aux rendement à terme. Les conclusions clés de l'étude sont qu'une couverture simultanée contre ces deux risques peut accorder une meilleure protection qu'une couverture établie seulement contre les risques des prix à terme. Pour ceux qui font affaire avec un pays étranger, l'expérience montre que le risque afférent au taux de change est important et qu'il est possible de le réduire en se couvrant en měme temps contre les risques affectant la valeur à terme de l'argent.     

The Rate of Return to Agricultural Research in a Small Country: The Case of Beef Cattle Research in Canada

The net economic benefits of Canadian federal beef cattle research programs were estimated using the economic surplus approach. The internal rate of return to research expenditure from 1968 to 1984 was found to be 63% at the margin, indicating substantia] underinvestment in technological change. Rates of return indicative of underinvestment were found even when an adjustment was made to research costs to reflect the marginal excess burden of taxation. Most of the benefits of beef cattle research conducted during this time period accrued to Canadian beef producers. Les bénéfices économiques nets des programmes de recherche fédéraux Canadiens sur le boeuf sont estimés en utilisant ?approche du surplus économique. Le taux interne de rendement des défenses de recherche effectuées de 1968 à 1984 est établi à 63%, indiquant un sous-investissement substantiel dans le changement technologique. Même en incluant la perte de bien-être due à ?imposition ?une taxe, ?étude montre un sous-investissement dans la recherche. La plupart des bénéfices de la recherche sur le boeuf effectuée durant cette période ont profité aux producteurs agricoles.     

Risk and (Re-)organization in Agriculture: The Economics of Back grounding Cattle in Saskatchewan

The beef system in western Canada is currently undergoing restructuring. To increase the number of animals a feedlot finishes, their portion of the production process is being narrowed to the final 136 kgof weight gain. This results in a stage of production known as backgrounding, where calves are grown before entering the feedlot. This paper explains the reorganization that is occurring in the context of transaction cost economics, which explains this evolution as a process in which the governance structure involved in contracting has minimized the transaction costs. New methods of marketing these backgrounded cattle are being developed, which may increase the profitability of these operations. This paper measures the impacts of five different marketing options on the backgrounding enterprise's risk and returns. Thirteen enterprises are modeled, using various levels of capital and labor intensities, live stock numbers, sizes of calves fed and average daily gains. These models are simulated from 1978 to 1994 using costs of production and prices of cattle. Profits per head calculations allow the comparison of the enterprise efficiencies. The marketing alternatives are then evaluated using mean-variance rule(E-V) and stochastic dominance methods of risk analysis.     

State Trading Enterprises in a Differentiated Product Environment: The Case of Global Malting Barley Markets

This study tested if the exclusive procuring and pricing policies of two state trading enterprises (STEs) in international malting barley markets could be used in a strategic trade context. The research provided four key findings. First, the global malting barley market operated in a quantity-setting oligopolistic structure during the study years. Second, both STEs and other exporting countries were in Cournot competition and thus made available strategic trade possibilities. Third, initial commodity payments were too high to generate a rent-shifting outcome. Fourth, product differentiation was confirmed, which may have dampened the desire/ability of STEs to pursue a rent-shifting objective.     

Protection, Price Discrimination and Inefficient Trade: The Case for Real Tariffication

The recent WTO dispute settlement panel ruled that Canada's current price pooling system for milk subsidizes exports in excess of Canada's 1994 GATT commitments. Policy reform must be undertaken. High domestic and low export prices are a combination favored by dairy producers and will likely continue. We believe that the system will evolve toward a pure price discrimination scheme, which would have the advantages of inducing lower exports and raising profits. We analyze trade liberalization by comparing tariff reductions to enlargements in minimum access commitments (MACs) when domestic production is controlled by a profit-maximizing state enterprise, which may or may not control imports. Even if we fail to account for administrative problems of MACs (e.g., choice of importers, punishment for noncompliance), MACs are inferior to tariffs because they promote inefficient trade. A state trader that would import under free trade has a tendency to export more under MACs than under tariffs. Because we assume that MACs must be filled, exporting is done to protect the high-price domestic market. Le comité de règlement des différends de l'OMC a statué il y a quelques années que le système actuel de mise en commun des prix du lait appliqué par le Canada subventionne les exportations au-delà des engagements pris au GATT en 1994. Une réforme structurale s'impose. Prix intérieurs élevés et faibles prix à l'exportation constituent la combinaison préférée des producteurs laitiers et, pour cette raison, appelée à se maintenir. À notre avis, le système évoluera vers un régime pur et simple de double prix, lequel aurait l'avantage à la fois de décourager l'exportation et de hausser les profits. Nous analysons les impacts de la libéralisation des échanges intemationaux en comparant la réduction de tarifs douaniers aux élargissements des engagements d'accès minimum (EAM), lorsque la production intérieure est contrôleépar une société d'État axée sur la maximisation des bénéfices, et nantie ou non de droits de regard sur les importations. Même en faisant abstraction des problèmes administratifs des EAM touchant, notamment, le choix des importateurs, les pénaltiés de non-conformité, les EAM sont inférieurs aux tarifs douaniers parce qu'ils créent des situations inefficientes dans les échanges extérieurs. Une société d'État qui importe sur le marché libre aura tendance à exporter davantage en régime de EAM qu‘en régime de tarifs douaniers. Comme nous présupposons que les EAM sont là pour être pleinement utilisés, le but de l'exportation est alors de protéger le niveau lucratif des prix sur le marché intérieur.     

Meeting Consumer Demands with Genetics and Market Coordination: The Case of the Leachman Cattle Company

This case considers two major management decisions facing the Leachman Cattle Company, the largest U.S. beef cattle seedstock producer. The first decision relates to continued expansion into international markets. Such expansion has tremendous potential, but also introduces a host of logistical problems and risks. The second decision concerns the development and market integration required to produce a branded beef product based on Piedmontese beef cattle.     

风险投资的风险管理手段

本文主要阐述了风险投资的主要管理手段——创业团队考察、项目甄别、组合投资、分类管理、资金分阶段投入、特定协议联合投资等,通过它们达到避免、减少或分散风险的目的.     

Adverse Shocks in Agriculture: The Assessment and Management of Downside Risk

This paper investigates the assessment and effects of adverse shocks on agricultural production, with an application to corn yield. Adverse shocks are assessed by the probability of facing low yields, i.e. by the probability of being exposed to downside risk. Defined in terms of willingness‐to‐pay to eliminate risk, the ex‐ante cost of facing adverse events is evaluated under prospect theory. Prospect theory is relevant in the evaluation of adverse shocks as it identifies a role for both loss aversion and oversensitivity to low probability events. The analysis is applied to experimental data on corn yield in the US Corn Belt. Estimates show how the distribution of corn yield is affected by management and technology. Implications for the cost of adverse shocks are examined. The results show how management and technology can reduce exposure to adverse shocks and lower the cost of risk in agriculture.     

CAP Reforms in the 1990s and their Price and Welfare Implications: The Case of Wheat

We use a nonlinear commodity market model to assess, theoretically and empirically, the impacts of recent reforms of the CAP on prices and economic welfare in the EU. The empirical analysis is based on an aggregate structural econometric model of the EU wheat economy and its links to the rest of the world. Instability issues are also investigated. Impacts of CAP reforms on the variance of domestic and world prices are analysed and a Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate uncertainty in the model's welfare computations. Recent reforms led to a net welfare gain within the EU during the period 1993–2000. Additional budgetary costs are less than the welfare gains of consumers and producers. Producers gained as lower price support was overcompensated by additional direct payments.     

Futures Markets and Spot Price Volatility: A Case Study

Futures markets, where they exist, can play a crucial role in determining the storage decision in the underlying spot (physical) market. The futures market acts as a conduit for market information and is a gatherer of agents' expectations about the future prospects for the spot market. As such, it is able to provide both price insurance and price discovery roles, the latter of which generates information for spot market traders and allows them to make rational storage decisions. If this were to be the case, then the efficiency of storage is improved which can potentially lead to a reduction in the volatility of spot prices over the marketing season. The existing literature is ambiguous as to whether futures markets can help spot markets price more efficiently. This paper seeks to examine whether this is the case in the British maincrop potato market by evaluating the volatility of spot prices over the period 1969–96 in a “before-after” analysis of the impact of the introduction of futures trading in 1980. The results suggest that the introduction of the futures market has led to a reduction in price volatility, despite some problems in the operation of the futures market itself.     

Threshold Effects in Price Transmission: The Case of Brazilian Wheat, Maize, and Soya Prices

Recent studies into price transmission have recognized the important role played by transport and transaction costs. Threshold models are one approach to accommodate such costs. We develop a generalized Threshold Error Correction Model to test for the presence and form of threshold behavior in price transmission that is symmetric around equilibrium. We use monthly wheat, maize, and soya prices from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil to demonstrate this model. Classical estimation of these generalized models can present challenges but Bayesian techniques avoid many of these problems. Evidence for thresholds is found in three of the five commodity price pairs investigated.