Costs and Benefits of Export-Oriented Foreign Investment: The Case of China

The costs and benefits of export-oriented FDI have been discussed by Helleiner (1973, 1998), Watanabe (1972), Sharpston (1975), and others. Processed exports generated from FDI have constituted over half of the exports of Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and China. Despite the importance of processed exports, empirical studies of their costs and benefits are difficult due to lack of data, especially on transfer earnings. Data on the division of benefits between the source and host countries are scarce and unreliable. This paper examines the costs and benefits of export-oriented foreign investment for China. China has been highly successful in exporting and in attracting FDI, especially export-oriented FDI from Hong Kong. Since 1993, China has become the second largest recipient of FDI in the world after the US, and Hong Kong has become the world's fourth largest source of FDI after the US, UK, and Germany. China's processed exports are largely re-exported via Hong Kong. As a result, good data on the total value-added of processed exports for Mainland China and for Hong Kong are available. It is found that the rate of value-added for Mainland China is relatively low compare with that for Hong Kong, indicating transfer pricing and absence of linkages in the mainland. This appears to be due to the rigidity of China's economic system which hampers backward and forward linkages. The mainland is thus dependent on Hong Kong for many services in the value-added chain. However, the rate of value-added for China has increased substantially since 1996, indicating an increase in both backward and forward linkages.     

FDI对中国外向型城市经济发展的影响——基于对青岛的实证分析

近年来,关于FDI对中国经济发展的贡献,引发了我国学术界的争议,有些学者予以了充分的肯定,但有些学者提出了质疑。本论文以外向型经济城市——青岛为考察对象,选用科学的模型和变量,定量地分析FDI对青岛经济发展的贡献度,分析结果证明,利用FDI对青岛经济的发展起到了积极的作用,但同时,本论文指出了今后利用FDI的对策建议。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Services Trade: Evidence from Malaysia and Singapore

Abstract

Services trade is an important source of growth in Malaysia and Singapore. Both economies are export-oriented and actively court foreign direct investment (FDI) to advance their economic objectives of industrialization and economic development. This paper examines the causal linkages between inward FDI and the country's engagement in services trade in bi-variate and tri-variate VAR frameworks. The empirical findings for Singapore show evidence of bi-directional causality between inward FDI and the total trade volume in services (i.e. the absolute sum of payments and receipts) as well as between FDI and services imports (in the tri-variate specification). This may reflect her relative open foreign investment policy and free trade regime in services. For Malaysia, the evidence of causality is weaker and uni-directional, from inward FDI to services imports. These findings are consistent with the different stages of economic development and openness attained by the two sample countries, and they provide useful background for trade and foreign investment policies and development strategies.     

湖州市外向型农业的现状、问题及对策

浙江省湖州市农业凭借良好的地理位置和环境,形成了比较有特色的产业。文章从湖州农产品出口和外商投资两个方面展开,分析湖州外向型农业的发展现状和存在问题,并提出促进湖州外向型农业发展的对策。     

出口退税政策与出口型外贸企业现金流运行均衡管理研究

对于出口退税研究以往较多关注出口退税政策对宏观经济调控作用,但其如何传导及影响微观出口型企业现金流,学者们对此领域的研究文献却不多见,文章分析与比较了危机前后的出口退税政策,并以此展开研究,分析调整后的出口退税政策如何综合作用于微观外贸出口型企业现金流运行。尝试性探索金融危机后基于我国出口退税政策特质出口型外贸企业现金流运行规律与特征,以期归纳与总结出出口退税政策如何传导并作用于出口型外贸企业现金流运行的一般特性,并针对性提出不同现金流管理措施与策略,以期为后危机时代外贸出口型企业实现现金流运行均衡管理,防范现金流运行断流风险提供些许洞见。     

外商投资对中国出口竞争力的影响:实证分析

随着我国利用外商投资规模不断扩大,外商投资对我国出口总量扩张、结构调整以及出口竞争优势的形成产生了不可忽视的影响。本文对外资进入条件下,中国出口竞争力的变动进行全面深入的实证分析。在此基础上,提出了相关政策法规的调整思路,以促使外商投资对我国出口竞争力提升发挥更积极的作用。     

International Technology Diffusion: Effects of Trade and FDI

There has been little analysis of the effect of inward FDI on international R&D diffusion, especially in LDCs, although FDI has become the core of international production and LDCs have been receiving an increasing share of world FDI over the past few decades. Using data from 57 countries from 1988 to 2001, we find that both FDI and trade serve as important channels of international technology diffusion. However, there exist heterogeneous effects of FDI in DCs and LDCs. For inward FDI to promote technology diffusion in LDCs, a certain threshold of human capital has to be reached.     

Cost heterogeneity and the destination of Japanese foreign direct investment: A theoretical and empirical analysis

This paper first of all develops a Cournot oligopolistic model with heterogeneous firms to examine each firm's choice between export-oriented foreign direct investments (FDI) and FDI to serve the host-country market. It is shown that there exist a critical level of efficiency such that all firms below that level choose the former and those above it the latter. The hypothesis is tested using firm-level data on 118,300 Japanese firms covering the entire manufacturing sector. Multinomial logit estimates strongly support our theoretical findings.     

武汉市FDI与经济增长关系研究

基于FDI和经济发展的理论关系,选取1995年至2009年武汉市的历史数据,对武汉市FDI与经济增长之间的关系进行了分析,结果发现:①武汉市FDI是GDP变化的原因,但是武汉市FDI不受GDP变化的影响;②FDI对武汉市经济增长有着显著的正向推动作用;③两者之间存在显著的动态关联。针对上述分析结果本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

外商直接投资对安徽经济发展的影响及对策

外商直接投资对带动区域经济的发展具有重要作用。改革开放以来，安徽省在吸收和利用外商直接投资方面取得显著成效。文章概述了安徽外商直接投资的发展历程及特点，并运用EVIEWS软件对外商直接投资促进安徽经济发展作了实证分析。同时指出安徽在利用外商直接投资方面所存在的问题，并提出相应的对策建议。     

How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect the Export Decisions of Firms in Ghana?

Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been identified to promote exports of host countries by augmenting domestic capital for exports, helping to transfer technology and new products for exports, facilitating access to new and large foreign markets, providing training for the local workforce, and upgrading technical and management skills. However, little is known on the role of FDI in the export behaviour of firms in developing countries. The main questions raised in this study are: how does FDI affect the export decisions of firms? How does FDI affect export performance of firms? This study examined the export‐decision and export performance within the Ghanaian manufacturing sector on a panel of plants from 1991 to 2002. Using a probit model, the results show that FDI has a positive effect on firms' decision to export. The random effect results also reveal a positive relationship between FDI and export performance. Clearly, the results of this study indicate that FDI is very relevant in influencing the export decisions and export performance of Ghanaian firms. The findings have significant implications for policy in terms of promoting initiatives to encourage more FDI inflows in the country.     

Capital Flows, FDI, and Technology Spillovers: Evidence from Arab Countries

The aim of this paper is to study the role and significance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economic performance of the Arab countries. It first highlights the importance of international capital and financial flows in the Arab and developing countries, and then concentrates on the global distribution of FDI and its position in the Arab world. This discussion is followed by an analysis of the effect of FDI on Arab technological development and total factor productivity (TFP). The paper concludes with policy recommendations and suggestions.     

Do Chinese domestic firms benefit from FDI inflow?: Evidence of horizontal and vertical spillovers

Using a large panel dataset covering all manufacturing firms (above a minimum scale) in China from 1998 to 2005, this paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (HMT) invested firms generate negative horizontal spillovers, while Non-HMT foreign invested firms (mostly from OECD countries) tend to bring positive horizontal spillovers in China. These two opposing horizontal effects seem to cancel out at the aggregate level. We also find strong and robust vertical spillover effects on both state-owned firms and non-state firms. However, vertical spillover effects from export-oriented FDI are weaker than those from domestic-market-oriented FDI.     

地方政府与外商直接投资规模:一个三方博弈的解释

随着中国利用外商直接投资规模的不断扩大,有关FDI规模是否适度的问题就值得关注。本文利用缺口理论,通过对中央政府、地方政府和外商直接投资者三方的博弈分析,探讨了FDI规模问题,以此解释了中国改革开放以来利用FDI规模增长的内在机制,并得出FDI规模问题实质是中央政府和地方政府间关系的结论。相应地,解决FDI规模问题就需要中央政府清理整顿地方政府与中央政策不一致的招商优惠政策。     

AVAR Analysis of the Impacts of Company Tax Rates on Foreign Direct Investment and other Macro-economic Variables in Australia

Abstract

Taxation policy has been recognized as a main determinant of foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the effect of taxation policy on other key macro-economic variables of interest has received little attention in the literature. This paper seeks to establish the long-run effects of a change in the Australian company tax rate on inbound FDI and other Australian macro-economic variables using vector autoregression (VAR) analysis to account for the interrelatedness of the variables under consideration. Results indicate that FDI, real gross domestic product (GDP) and trade with the rest of the world are all responsive to a change in the company tax rate.     

The Effect of Inflation Targeting on Foreign Direct Investment Flows to Developing Countries

Due to the many benefits that come with foreign direct investment (FDI), such as greater economic growth and technology spillovers, developing countries strive to attract this type of investment. Although the amount of FDI in developing countries has increased greatly over the past several years, not all developing countries have been successful at attracting it. A credible monetary policy, such as inflation targeting (IT), might make countries that implement it more attractive destinations for FDI flows due to the reliable macroeconomic environment created. This paper estimates the effect of IT on FDI flows to developing countries using a difference-in-differences approach and panel data for 71 countries for the period 1985 to 2013. This paper also looks at the difference between targeting and non-targeting countries in terms of FDI inflows during times of high instability. The results indicate that the adoption of IT leads to increased FDI flows to developing countries overall and, most importantly, during times of distress.

     

Economic liberalisation strategies and poverty reduction across Indian states

The focus of the study is the pace of poverty reduction across Indian states and its determinants. In particular, the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and industrialisation in reducing poverty is examined. Empirical evidence shows that poverty reduction did occur during the 1990s following the implementation of India's economic liberalisation program, which included mainly industrial and FDI policy reform. The empirical analysis shows that, thus far, FDI has not contributed significantly to poverty reduction, but it did influence structural changes in the economy, particularly with respect to industry, which is an important driver of poverty reduction. The analysis clearly shows that states with dominant industrial sectors have been able to reduce poverty faster than states dominated by agriculture. It is argued that targeting of FDI in India has been misplaced. Had it been in the more labour-intensive manufacturing, it would have more effectively contributed to the reduction of poverty.     

外商直接投资的动态挤入挤出效应——基于全国及地区差异的分析和检验

针对FDI的静态挤入挤出效应不能反映中国经济发展不同阶段中FDI对国内投资影响的差别.本文将Agosin和Mayer模型扩展为一个动态的模型,并对FDI的静态及动态挤入挤出效应进行了实证研究.结果表明:FDI对全国国内资本产生了挤出效应,对东、中、西部地区分别产生了微弱的挤出效应、显著的挤入效应及严重的挤出效应;从FD...     

新疆外向型经济发展的测度与思考

发展外向型经济是新疆全面建设小康社会的重要内容,也是"十一五"规划的重大问题。无论是从全球经济一体化的大背景还是立足自身的区情,新疆的经济发展都必须要走外向型的发展道路。本文将通过对新疆外向型经济发展水平的测定,找出其在发展外向型经济过程中存在的问题,进而提出相关的对策和措施。     

Why does so much FDI from Hong Kong and Taiwan go to Mainland China?

While the European Union, the US, and Japan (the Triad) supply 90% of global foreign direct investment (FDI) and China is the second largest FDI recipient in the world, most FDI into China did not come from the Triad but from Hong Kong and Taiwan (HKT). Evidence presented in the paper reveals that the unusually large amount of Hong Kong–Taiwan direct investment (HKTDI) cannot be fully appreciated without understanding China's location characteristics and differences between HKTDI and the Triad FDI. Four determinants of the dominant HKTDI in China are identified: China's export-promotion FDI strategy, its large pool of cheap labor, HKT's specific advantages in export-oriented FDI, and their unique links with China (the Chinese connections). Empirical results suggest that HKTDI was primarily motivated by low labor costs while FDI from the Triad was market-oriented. As China's domestic markets become more open to foreign investors, the share of HKTDI may shrink and the importance of FDI from the Triad may rise.