战后美国城市发展的新特点

"二战"后,美国城市发展从原来的传统城市化,转入大规模的人口郊区化,郊区"卧城"大量产生.20世纪80年代以来,美国进入"后工业"社会城市发展时期,产生了"边缘城市"与"无边缘城市"等城市空间新类型,同时也面临资源、居住和社会经济等方面的问题.     

Social indicators and urban policy analysis

Although there are natural ties among the social indicators movement, productivity studies and urban service delivery research, these have been overlooked. This paper presents a systems framework involving policy variables, performance variables, state variables, citizen behaviors and citizen perceptions, and linking government with citizen subsystems. Four hypotheses derived from this framework are presented for assessing citizens' perceptions of local government performance and of the state of their municipality. Ultimately such a framework should be useful for setting local policy and evaluating its impact.     

经济适用房政策绩效评析

利用帕累托最优和消费者(生产者)剩余理论对经济适用房建设的政策目标进行了经济学分析.依据我国31个城市的数据,通过测算价格、竣工量和空置率等指标,对城市经济适用房供给政策绩效进行了评价.研究结论可以为地方政府制定城市经济适用房政策提供依据.     

"大车轮"还是"小车轮":艰难的抉择

一、"车轮"的选择 近代文明是在车轮上发展的.如果离开了滚动的车轮,即离开了交通,文明的发展肯定会受到重大的阻碍.人们把历史的发展,比喻成历史的车轮向前滚动,是很贴切的.而城市的发展与车轮--交通的关系同样十分密切.众所周知,离开了车轮,城市就会瘫痪,因此城市的可持续发展,离不开车轮.     

Sharing diseconomy: impact of the subsidy war of ride-sharing companies on urban congestion

ABSTRACT

As a typical example of the sharing economy, ride-sharing, in theory, can improve market efficiency and enhance the welfare of consumers and service suppliers. However, negative externalities resulted from ride-sharing, such as quasi-public goods, are often overlooked. In this paper, we used AutoNavi’s big data to measure traffic congestion in cities, and built DID, PSM-DID and DDD models to analyse the impact of the subsidy war among ride-sharing companies on the traffic congestion in Shanghai. The subsidy war led to an increase in the congestion index of Shanghai by 0.068–0.077, which was equivalent to an increase in transit time by 3.51%–5.53%. Excessive subsidies offered by ride-sharing companies to vie for market share will eventually distort the market. As a result, increased social costs will ultimately harm the well-being of the entire society, leading to diseconomy.     

战后西方城市规划理论的流变

西方的城市规划起源于解决 1 9世纪末资本主义工业城市的种种环境恶化问题和社会问题。在不同的历史发展阶段 ,城市规划作为城市公共事务的一个组成部分 ,在社会变革中扮演着不同的角色影响着社会。同时 ,城市规划也在逐步为社会所改造 ,其中城市规划思想的几个重要转变是 :第一 ,城市规划从“物质形体设计”转变到崇尚系统分析方法 (Ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ)的理性决策过程(Ｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｍａｋｉｎｇ)的科学性规划。第二 ,规划从“蓝图式”实质性规划逐步变为“过程中”规划 ,经过 7…     

香港的城市更新政策

研究香港相关政府部门、非政府组织在城市更新中关于机构设置、拆迁安置、楼宇修复和历史建筑维护等方面的政策和措施,分析其在城市更新进程中的作用,并对国内城市的旧城发展提出相关建议。     

美国的城市扩张规制及其演变

通过分析开发许可程序基本特征的演化,从郊区化中社会矛盾的加剧与政策目标的多元化、土地开发机制的转变、政府财政压力与行政裁量权的扩张、公众参与下政策议题的转变等方面,把握规划调控政策的发展方向及其社会经济背景,进而深入剖析开发许可手段和内容的转变,探讨美国开发许可制度的发展趋势。     

INCOME PERSISTENCE AND MACRO-POLICY FEEDBACKS IN THE US*

This paper analyses and forecasts annual time series of aggregate real income per head in the US. The approach integrates elements from recent univariate time series analyses with multi-equation macromodels in which policy feedback rules have been endogenized. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, aggregate real per capita income is subject to significant trend reversion. This conclusion comes through more clearly by examining the data at an annual rather than the more usual quarterly frequency and by incorporating multivariate economic content in the income process. Secondly, there is significant evidence for the Lucas (1976) or Haavelmo (1944) critique: in the US there appears to have been a shift in the structural macropolicy reaction function causing a corresponding shift in the reduced form income forecasting equation. This is associated with increased concern in the late 1980's over the size of US budget deficits. Thirdly, with the above proviso, useful real income forecasts can be made as far as three years ahead. Finally, the paper provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness of monetary policy on real output or income. The change in the short-term interest rate is highly significant in forecasting income growth up to three years after the change.     

城市规划优化决策理论与方法研究论纲

一、城市规划优化决策研究的重要意义　　城市规划是指根据一定时期城市经济与社会发展的目标,确定城市性质、规模和发展方向,合理利用城市土地,协调城市空间功能布局及进行各项建设的综合部署和全面安排。从特点看,城市的社会、经济、环境等各项要素互为前提,互相制约,城市规划需要对城市的各项要素进行统筹安排,使之各得其所,协调发展,具有很强的综合性;城市规划中许多重大问题的解决都必须以国家有关方针政策为依据,具有很强的政策性;城市规划要根据地方特点,因地制宜地规划、建设与管理,具有地方性;城市规划既要解决当前建设问题,又要合…     

Economics and urban transportation policy in the United States

This article examines the role that economics can play in analysing problems with urban transportation in the United States. The specific problems addressed are failing infrastructure, financially weak public transit, environmental impacts of motor vehicles, motorvehicle accidents, and traffic congestion. Simple quantitative analyses, even though approximate, can help to focus attention on the most promising classes of policies. Those classes involve some technological measures and some narrowly targeted behavioral changes, but not the widespread curtailment of motor vehicle use.     

国外城市公共交通财政补贴政策研究

城市公共交通是城市交通系统的重要组成部分 ,为促进城市公共交通事业的发展 ,保障公交企业的正常运营 ,世界各发达国家和地区无不实行了公交财政补贴政策。本文在若干发达国家公交财政补贴政策分析的基础上 ,结合我国城市的特点 ,提出了我国城市公交财政补贴的改进建议。