浅谈数据库设计中范式的应用

非计算机专业的数据库理论的教学是个难点,文章针对＂范式＂概念的理解结合笔者在教学实践中的实验案例,对数据库设计中的数据模式的规范化进行了详细阐述。并对常用的三大范式和反范式的一些应用进行了探讨。     

管理信息系统开发中的关系设计

文章运用具体案例对关系数据库设计范式理论进行了阐述,研究了如何在具体设计过程中创建最科学的关系模式.     

商科学术论文语篇体裁结构分析框架研究

商科学术论文语篇体裁分析从理论研究、应用研究和EAP教学研究三个方面展开，商科学术论文语篇体裁分析框架由研究目标、关键领域和研究范式构成，研究目标包括寻找国际商科学术论文语篇体裁的通用模式和中国学者对商科学术论文语篇体裁的认知模式。通过语料库构建、问卷设计和计量分析，利用由商科学术论文体裁分析基本理论、国际通用模式基本特征、中国模式认知特征、通用模式和中国模式的计量比较四个部分构成的分析范式，达到商科学术论文体裁分析的目标。     

整合式扶贫:一种新的扶贫治理模式的尝试性阐释——以大理州扶贫治理经验为例

通过对扶贫治理研究中的发展主义范式、制度主义范式和政策主义范式比较分析,发现当前部分地区的精准扶贫实践更多遵从在政策主义范式指引下的政策性扶贫路径。这种路径可能导致扶贫效果的"棘轮效应",造成政策结果的"马太效应",引发基层政权"异化效应"。考察云南省大理州的扶贫治理实践,我们发现一种整合式扶贫模式,这种模式具有整合论意义上的整体涌现性特征,遵循内生性逻辑、整体性逻辑和综合性逻辑进行运转,提升了国家贫困治理政策的执行绩效,化解了地方政府的政策风险,可以看作是一种贫困治理模式的创新。     

论《约翰福音》的四种叙事范式

《约翰福音》通过充满比喻与象征意义的福音故事全方位聚焦耶稣基督的言行而展开叙事。叙事框架呈现出规律性的范式形态,主要包括耶稣自我宣示的言说范式、耶稣譬喻性话语的误解范式、数字模式的叙事范式、耶稣与信仰冲突的叙事范式等。     

CSA社群氛围对顾客忠诚的影响 ——社群意识的中介作用和CSA模式的调节作用

从社群氛围出发探索其对顾客忠诚的影响及其作用机制是CSA社群研究中一个有价值的研究主题.本文基于SOR范式,建立CSA社群氛围(奖励氛围、共享氛围、支持氛围、临场氛围和控制氛围)、社群意识与顾客忠诚的关系模型,同时选取CSA模式作为社群氛围和顾客忠诚关系的调节变量.通过对302份有效样本的实证分析,结果表明:CSA社群氛围直接影响顾客忠诚;CSA社群氛围通过社群意识间接影响顾客忠诚.此外,CSA模式在社群氛围与顾客忠诚关系中有调节作用,其中奖励氛围、共享氛围对顾客忠诚的影响在订单模式下更大;而支持氛围、临场氛围和控制氛围对顾客忠诚的影响在不同CSA模式下没有显著差异.     

从传统行政学到公共管理学范式转换的检视——国内行政学教科书的一项经验研究

范式的形成是行政学成熟的标志。范式的转换是行政学演进的坐标。行政学在百余年的发展中经历了怎样的范式转换。是行政学人研究的一个基本问题。我国学者从不同的角度对行政学范式转换抑或演进进行了研究,但是理论演绎的多,经验研究的少。通过210本行政学教科书内容的研究,对传统行政学和公共管理学进行比较,以及对行政学的范式转换抑或演进进行经验检验,发现从传统行政学到公共管理学,虽然在内容安排上有差异,但只是在相同的“管理主义”价值观取向下进行的不同的制度安排和技术设计,行政学范式没有发生转换。     

论中国马克思主义发展史的三大范式特征

经过长期的革命、建设和改革实践洗礼,中国共产党和中国人民自觉将马克思主义提升为解答中国问题的特定范式.中国马克思主义得以不断地丰富和发展,关键在于党和人民构建了适合中国客观实际的马克思主义理论发展范式.中国马克思主义发展史范式主要是指中国马克思主义理论体系中包含的解答中国革命、建设和改革问题的思维工具和实践方法,它是中国共产党和中国人民全面推进马克思主义中国化的基本思路和中国模式,是决定中国马克思主义历史发展趋向的哲学思维方法,更是学习和研究中国马克思主义发展史的一种独特视角.通过对中国马克思主义发展史的范式特征分析,党和人民应高度重视中国马克思主义发展史根本范式的宏观统领性、基本范式的时代引领性和经典范式的分析示范性,切实做到以科学的范式指导中国马克思主义理论创新和实践创新.     

论发展型政府理论与实践

通过政府安排和参与的一系列市场和非市场制度建设，发展型政府以加强自身能力建设来引领本国经济发展，增加其政府的合法性。发展型政府一般具有较高的自主性，使得其在国内和国际资源控制和竞争中具有更多的支配能力。精英大众范式政策制定模式普遍存在于发展型政府中，并影响了政府与社会的关系。     

中国媒体制度变迁的两个理论范式之研究

我国学者对中国媒体制度变迁的研究主要使用了两种理论范式：一种是新制度经济学的理论范式,一种是新制度社会学理论范式。通过对这两种范式进行的理论分析而综述了已有的研究成果,并指出了这两种范式的不足之处。     

浅析哲学与经济学的关系

哲学与经济学是社会科学中两个重要学科.从社会科学的历史进程和经济社会现实发展趋势来看,经济学与哲学存在不可分割的内在联系,哲学深刻影响经济学的学科发展.当前在科学哲学的影响下,经济学研究过度重视逻辑形式而忽视经济学的人文性质.应重建哲学与经济学的内在关系,运用新的哲学观指导经济学研究沿正确方向发展.新兴边缘学科"经济哲学"有助于推动经济学发展.     

Managing and measuring relational equity in the network economy

The Internet is emerging as a powerful connecting force, allowing firms to serve customers, collaborate with partners and suppliers, and empower employees more effectively than ever before. In the network economy, relationships with key stakeholders are becoming valuable assets of the firm, but few firms manage relationships effectively. The authors propose that firms need to take a more holistic approach to understanding where their relational equity resides and how it should be managed and measured. They also propose that relational equity is not limited to relationships with customers but also includes relationships with partners, suppliers, and employees. Effective management of relational equity requires firms to think in an integrative manner along several dimensions: strategy, process, technology, organization design, and metrics. The authors develop conceptual frameworks for each of these dimensions. Taken together, these frameworks offer a conceptual foundation for research and managerial practice on managing relational equity. Seurat Company Mohanbir Sawhney is the McCormick Tribune Professor of Technology and the director of the Center for Research Technology and Innovation at the Kellogg School of Management, North-western University. He is the coauthor (with Jeff Zabin) ofThe Seven Steps to Nirvana: Strategic Insights Into eBusiness Transformation (2001). His research has been published in leading journals such asCalifornia Management Review, Harvard Business Review, Interactive Marketing, Management Science, Marketing Science, and theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science. He also writes for leading trade publications, including theFinancial Times, CIO Magazine, andBusiness 2.0. He has created three new M.B.A. courses at Kellogg, as well as a popular executive course, and has won several awards for teaching. He is a fellow of the World Economic Forum, a fellow at DiamondCluster International, and a charter member if The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE). He advises and speaks to Global 2000 firms worldwide and serves on the advisory boards of several technology startup companies. He holds a Ph.D. in marketing from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Jeff Zabin is a vice president at Seurat Company, a technology firm that specializes in Internet-based marketing resource management services. He is the coauthor (with Mohanbir Sawhney) ofThe Seven Steps to Nirvana: Strategic Insights Into eBusiness Transformation (2001). He has written about marketing in the network economy for several trade magazines, includingComputerworld, and he is a frequent speaker on the topic, with recent audiences including the Strategic Management Association, the Society for Information Management, and the Marketing Science Institute. Prior to joining Seurat, he was a research fellow with DiamondCluster International and a business analyst at a boutique consultancy called Digital Knowledge Assets. A graduate of the University of Wisconsin and a returned Peace Corps volunteer, he began his career in educational publishing at Houghton Mifflin. He has helped launch several Internet ventures and currently serves on the advisory board of PreviewPort, Inc.     

Managing rewards to enhance relational worth

In this study, cognitive evaluation theory illustrates how the controlling aspects of reward redemption policy (stringent versus flexible) interact with the type of offered reward (social versus economic) to influence relational program effectiveness. We look at effectiveness by defining and measuring relational worth, the non-financial value of consumers to organizations. The hypotheses are empirically tested with a sample of season ticket holders of a professional sports team (n = 373) and then replicated in a second study with experimental data using scenarios in a hotel reward program context. Results indicate that perceived social rewards lead to affective commitment, while perceived economic rewards lead to continuance commitment. Involvement is a significant determinant in how reward type and policy influence commitment types; specifically, low-involvement consumers are more influenced by reward program signals than high-involvement consumers. Affective commitment produces the most relationally valuable consumer to an organization in terms of relational worth. Controlling policies have an undermining effect on all commitment types, regardless of reward type.     

Interimistic relational exchange: Conceptualization and propositional development

Research on relational exchange has focused primarily on long-term, or “enduring,” relational exchange. The evolutionary model of relationship development that is the foundation for much of the research on enduring relational exchange lacks applicability for short-term, or “interimitic,” relational exchange. Interimistic relational exchange is defined as a close, collaborative, fast-developing, short-lived exchange relationship in which companies pool their skills and/or resources to address a transient, albeit important, business opportunity and/or threat. Because interimistic exchange relationships must quickly become functional and have a short life, these relationships have less time to fully develop the relational governance mechanisms assumed in the evolutionary model. There-fore, interimistic relational exchange appears to relymore on nonrelational mechanisms than does enduring relational exchange. This article (1) examines how interimistic relational exchange governance differs from that of enduring relational exchange and (2) develops propositions for further research on interimistic relational exchange. C. Jay Lambe received his doctorate from the Darden School at the University of Virginia. He is an assistant professor of marketing at Texas Tech University. Prior to entering academe, he was engaged in business-to-business marketing for both Xerox and AT&T. His research interests include business-to-business marketing, relationship marketing, marketing strategy, and sales management. He has publications in theJournal of Product Innovation Management, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, and theInternational Journal of Management Reviews. In 1999, he was one of five Texas Tech University faculty members chosen by the students for the annual Outstanding Faculty Member Award. Robert E. Spekman is the Tayloe Murphy Professor of Business Administration at the Darden School. He was formerly a professor of marketing and associate director of the Center for Telecommunications at the University of Southern California (USC). He is a recognized authority on business-to-business marketing and strategic alliances. His consulting experiences range from marketing research and competitive analysis to strategic market planning, supply chain management, channels of distribution design and implementation, and strategic partnering. He has taught in a number of executive programs in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Asia, and Europe. He has edited/written seven books and has authored (coauthored) more than 80 articles and papers. He also serves as a reviewer for a number of marketing and management journals as well as for the National Science Foundation. Prior to joining the faculty at USC, he taught in the College of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. During his tenure at Maryland, he was granted the Most Distinguished Faculty Award by the MBA students on three separate occasions. Shelby D. Hunt is the J. B. Hoskins and P. W. Horn Professor of Marketing at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. A past editor of theJournal of Marketing (1985–1987) and author ofModern Marketing Theory: Critical Issues in the Philosophy of Marketing Science (South-Western, 1991), he has written numerous articles on competitive theory, macro marketing, ethics, channels of distribution, and marketing theory. Three of hisJournal of Marketing articles, “The Nature and Scope of Marketing” (1976), “General Theories and the Fundamental Explananda of Marketing” (1983), and “The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition” (1995) won the Harold H. Maynard Award for the “best article on marketing theory”. He received the 1986 Paul D. Converse Award from the American Marketing Association for his “outstanding contributions to theory and science in marketing”. He received the 1987 Outstanding Marketing Educator Award from the Academy of Marketing Science and the 1992 American Marketing Association/Richard D. Irwin Distinguished Marketing Educator Award. His new and provocative book is titledA General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth (Sage, 2000).     

When customers disappoint: A model of relational internal marketing and customer complaints

The objective of this study is to examine internal marketing relationships and their influence on salesperson attitudes and behaviors in retail store environments. The authors investigate the moderating role of customer complaining behavior on the nature of these relationships. Specifically, they examine the relationship between organization-employee and supervisor-employee relationships and their association with salesperson job motivation and commitment to customer service. Customer complaints are expected to have differential moderating effects on the relationship between organizational and supervisory support and these salesperson outcomes. Our hypotheses were tested using a sample of 392 retail employees within 115 stores of a national retail organization. The model was partially supported. Theoretical and managerial implications are explored.     

Contractual governance,relational governance,and the performance of interfirm service exchanges: The influence of boundary-spanner closeness

Academics and managers are confronted with reconciling the social and economic aspects of business-to-business exchanges. In a service context, the authors investigate the relative importance of contractual and relational governance on exchange performance and the influence of the boundary spanner on the implementation of these governance mechanisms and on exchange performance. They test a model of the governance of commercial banking exchanges using interview data with both parties to the exchange (the account manager as the bank’s boundary spanner and the business client). Relational governance is the predominant governance mechanism associated with exchange performance. Contractual governance is also positively associated to exchange performance, but to a much lesser extent. The closeness of the account manager to the client company in terms of information gathering is also positively associated to exchange performance. However, this is mediated through both contractual and relational governance mechanisms with relational governance being the stronger mechanism. Ronald J. Ferguson (rferguson@jmsb.concordia.ca) is an associate professor of management and director of the John Molson MBA at Concordia University (Montreal, Canada). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. During 25 years of research and management in the health field, he published inCirculation, theAmerican Journal of Cardiology, and theAmerican Journal of Physiology. In recent years he has published in theEuropean Journal of Marketing, theInternational Journal of Service Industry Management, Managing Service Quality, and theInternational Journal of Bank Marketing. His current research interests focus on international studies of the effectiveness of relationship marketing and management in the fields of health care, emerging biotechnology clusters, and commercial banking. He was coorganizer of the 2001 International Colloquium in Relationship Marketing. Michèle Paulin (mpaulin@jmsb.concordia.ca) is an associate professor in the John Molson School of Business at Concordia University. She has a law degree from Sherbrooke University, an MBA from Concordia University, and a Ph.D. in marketing from the University of Quebec at Montreal. Her research focuses on business-to-business relationships; service marketing; and service management in the areas of commercial banking, health services, hospitality, and biotechnology industries in Canada, USA, Mexico, and Europe. She has made presentations at major conferences such as the American Marketing Association, the Industrial Marketing Purchasing group, the European Marketing Association Conferences, and the European Academy of Management. She was coorganizer of the 2001 International Colloquium in Relationship Marketing. Her research has appeared in theEuropean Journal of Marketing, Managing Service Quality, theInternational Journal of Service Industry Management, and theInternational Journal of Bank Marketing. Jasmin Bergeron (bergeron.jasmin@uqam.ca) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Quebec at Montreal. He authored or coauthored four marketing books, 20 case studies, and more than 10 articles in academic journals such as theJournal of Service Research and theJournal of Services Marketing. His research interests are in the areas of services marketing, relationship banking, and research methodology. He also serves as a marketing consultant in professional selling, service quality, and bank marketing.     

Protecting relational assets: a pre and post field study of a horizontal business combination

A variety of theoretical frameworks including social exchange theory, relational exchange theory, and contracting theory are used to investigate how to protect relational assets in a marketing channel when an upstream horizontal business combination between key suppliers arises. In this study, we ascertain downstream channel members’ perceptions of a supplier’s horizontal business combination both prior to and after such a combination. Our findings indicate that a normative contract breach resulting from a horizontal business combination influences downstream channel members by reducing their performance, decreasing their satisfaction, and increasing their likelihood of exiting the channel. Consequently, both the relational assets of the upstream supplier and their downstream customers are harmed. Importantly, these influences can be partially offset through the moderating effect of channel identification.     

Determinants of online channel use and overall satisfaction with a relational,multichannel service provider

This study examines what drives customers' use of an online channel in a relational, multichannel environment. The authors propose a conceptual model of the determinants of online channel use and overall satisfaction with the service provider. They then conduct two large-scale studies in different service contexts to test the model. The results show that Web site design characteristics affect customer evaluations of online channel service quality and risk, which in turn drive online channel use. Customers' overall satisfaction with the service provider is determined by the service quality provided through both the online channel and the traditional channel. The results offer insights into the trade-offs that multichannel service providers face as they attempt to influence online channel use while maintaining or enhancing overall customer satisfaction. Mitzi M. Montoya-Weiss (m_mw@ncsu.edu) (Ph.D., Michigan State University) is a professor of marketing in the Department of Business Management at North Carolina State University. Her research interests include new product development and adoption, virtual teams, and knowledge management. Her research has appeared inMarketing Science, Management Science, Decision Sciences, theAcademy of Management Journal, theJournal of Product Innovation Management, and other scholarly journals. She has taught courses in marketing management, product and brand management, and management of technology. Glenn B. Voss (gvoss@ncsu.edu) (Ph.D., Texas A&M University) is an associate professor of marketing in the Department of Business Management at North Carolina State University. His research interests include relationship and services marketing, creativity and entrepreneurship, and retail pricing strategies. His research has appeared in theJournal of Marketing, Organization Science, theJournal of Retailing, Marketing Letters, theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, and other scholarly journal. He currently serves on the editorial review board of theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science and has served as an ad hoc reviewer for theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research, theJournal of Retailing, and theJournal of Business Research. He has taught courses in marketing strategy, electronic marketing, and nonprofit management in MBA programs in the United States and Europe. Dhruv Grewal (dgrewal@babson.edu) (Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute) is the Toyota Chair in E-Commerce and Electronic Business in Babson College. His research and teaching interests focus on e-business, global marketing, value-based marketing strategies, and understanding the voice of the customer (market research). He is also co-editor of theJournal of Retailing. He has published more than 50 articles in outlets such as theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Consumer Research, theJournal of Marketing Research, and theJournal of Retailing. He currently serves on the editorial review boards of theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Retailing, theJournal of Public Policy & Marketing, and theJournal of Product and Brand Management.     

Salesperson cooperation: The influence of relational, task, organizational, and personal factors

Salesperson cooperation has become a crucial issue for the overall performance of most sales organizations. The authors examine the antecedents of task-specific, cooperative behaviors of salespersons toward other salespeople working in the same organization. The main theses of the study are that (1) the four major antecedent categories of factors—relational, task, organizational, and personal— constitute, collectively, the primary determinants of salesperson cooperation and (2) each antecedent category exerts, independently, significant influence on the cooperative behaviors of salespersons. The results support the main theses and provide useful insights for sales managers attempting to foster cooperation among salespeople. The relative impact of each antecedent category, as well as the effects of specific variables within each, is discussed. Cengiz Yilmaz is an assistant professor of marketing at Gebze Institute of Technology, Turkey. He obtained his Ph.D. in marketing from Texas Tech University in 1999. His research interests focus on sales management, distribution channels and relationship marketing, and strategic issues concerning intra- and interfirm aspects in marketing systems and their links with business performance. His research has been published in various conference proceedings. Shelby D. Hunt is the J. B. Hoskins and P. W. Horn Professor of Marketing at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. A past editor of theJournal of Marketing (1985–1987), he is the author ofModern Marketing Theory: Critical Issues in the Philosophy of Marketing Science (South-Western, 1991) andA General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth (Sage Publications, 2000). He has written numerous articles on competitive theory, macromarketing, ethics, channels of distribution, philosophy of science, and marketing theory. Three of hisJournal of Marketing articles, “The Nature and Scope of Marketing” (1976), “General Theories and Fundamental Explananda of Marketing” (1983), and “The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition” (1995) (with Robert M. Morgan) won the Harold H. Maynard Award for the “best article on marketing theory.” His 1985Journal of Business Research article with Lawrence B. Chonko, “Ethics and Marketing Management,” received the 2000 Elsevier Science Exceptional Quality and High Scholarly Impact Award. His 1989 article, “Reification and Realism in Marketing: In Defense of Reason,” won theJournal of Macromarketing Charles C. Slater Award. For his contributions to theory and science in marketing, he received the 1986 Paul D. Converse Award from the American Marketing Association, the 1987 Outstanding Marketing Educator Award from the Academy of Marketing Science, and the 1992 American Marketing Association/Richard D. Irwin Distinguished Marketing Educator Award.     

Effect of environmental dynamism on relational governance in manufacturer-supplier relationships: A contingency framework and an empirical test

The effect of dynamism in the downstream (i.e., customer and competitive) environment on the manner in which manufacturers manage their upstream (i.e., supplier) relationships is not well understood in the literature. While some prior studies suggest that manufacturers will adopt relational governance with suppliers in response to dynamism in the downstream environment, other studies suggest that manufacturers will avoid relational governance with suppliers when faced with environmental dynamism. Drawing from the literature on interparty learning, the authors develop a conceptual framework wherein the validating conditions for each conclusion are identified. Results from a survey of 221 manufacturing organizations show that in dynamic environments, manufacturers adopt (avoid) relational governance with suppliers under two conditions: (1) when manufacturer collaborative belief is high (low) and (2) when supplier knowledge is high (low). The results are discussed in terms of their managerial and future research implications. Ashwin W. Joshi (ajoshi@schulich.yorku.ca) is an associate professor of marketing in the Schulich School of Business at York University (Canada). He received his Ph.D. from Queen's University (Canada). His research has been published in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Psychology and Marketing, theJournal of Business Research, and theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing, among other journals. His research interests are in the areas of business-to-business marketing, sales force management, and new product development. Alexandra J. Campbell (acampbel@schulich.yorku.ca) is an associate professor of marketing in the Schulich School of Business at York University (Canada). She received her Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (Canada). Her research has been published in theJournal of International Business Studies, theEuropean Management Journal, Long Range Planning, andIndustrial Marketing Management, among other journals. Her research interests are in the areas of buyer-supplier relationships, international business, and customer relationship management.