基于小型开放经济RBC模型的中国经济波动模拟分析

以随机动态一般均衡模型作为基本分析框架,建立一个具有投资组合调整成本的小型开放经济实际经济周期(RBC)模型,在模型参数校准的基础上分析模型对中国经济波动典型化事实的模拟能力和方差分解效应,结果表明:小型开放经济RBC模型平均可以模拟大约80%以上的中国经济波动;技术冲击是造成中国产出和就业波动的主要因素。     

Uncovering Unobserved Economy: A General Equilibrium Characterization

This paper builds a three‐sector DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) model, considering explicitly the interactions among regular, underground and criminal sectors. We generated quarterly data for unobserved variables for Italian economy over the sample 1974:01–2011:02, through Monte Carlo simulations, and we found that underground economy is about 20 per cent of GDP, whereas criminal economy is 11 per cent. The dynamic behavior of the model shows that (1) regular production has a greater relative volatility with respect to unobserved production, (2) an efficient law enforcement activity is able to weaken unobserved activities and (3) unobserved sectors' variables exhibit a negative correlation with the corresponding ones of regular economy.     

International capital flows

The surge in international asset trade since the early 1990s has lead to renewed interest in models with international portfolio choice. We develop the implications of portfolio choice for both gross and net international capital flows in the context of a simple two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. We focus on the time-variation in portfolio allocation following shocks, and resulting capital flows. Endogenous time-variation in expected returns and risk, which are the key determinants of portfolio choice, affect capital flows in often subtle ways. The model is consistent with a broad range of empirical evidence. An additional contribution of the paper is to overcome the technical difficulty of solving DSGE models with portfolio choice by developing a broadly applicable solution method.     

Emerging market fluctuations: What makes the difference?

Aggregate fluctuations in emerging countries are different from those in developed countries. Using data from Mexico and Canada, this paper decomposes these differences in terms of reduced form shocks that affect aggregate efficiency and distort the decisions of households about how much to invest, consume, and work in a standard model of a small open economy. The decomposition exercise suggests that most of these differences are explained by fluctuations in aggregate efficiency, distortions in labor choices over the business cycle, and distortions in intertemporal consumption choices. Successful models for emerging markets fluctuations should include primitive shocks and frictions that generate these features. Models with financial frictions in the form of working capital constraints, possibly augmented with endogenous collateral constraints, are consistent with these findings.     

Indeterminacy and fundamental reduced form representations of DSGE models

Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models are known to exhibit indeterminacy—that is, equilibrium nonuniqueness—under realistic parameterizations. This paper studies how the potential for indeterminacy impacts on the possibility of recovering a DSGE model's structural shocks via empirical vector autoregressions (VARs), which in turn requires the model's reduced form representation to be fundamental. By means of a simple example, we first establish that indeterminacy is neither necessary nor sufficient for (non)fundamental representations to arise. We then investigate the relationship between indeterminacy and nonfundamentalness in the context of a general class of linearized DSGE models, which nests the New Keynesian framework as a special case. It is shown that an indeterminate equilibrium model may generically admit a fundamental moving average representation, even when its determinate counterpart always involves nonfundamentalness. As a main implication, checking for existence of a VAR representation of a DSGE model's equilibria cannot be regarded as an indirect test for the indeterminacy hypothesis.     

Structural estimation and solution of international trade models with heterogeneous firms

We present an empirical implementation of a general-equilibrium model of international trade with heterogeneous manufacturing firms. The theory underlying our model is consistent with Melitz (2003). A nonlinear structural estimation procedure identifies a set of core parameters and unobserved firm-level trade frictions that best fit the geographic pattern of trade. Our estimation model is consistent with the specified general equilibrium model, and we conduct general equilibrium counterfactual analyses to illustrate model responses. We first assess the economic effects of reductions in measured tariffs. Taking the simple-average welfare change across regions the Melitz structure indicates welfare gains from liberalization that are four times larger than in a standard trade policy simulation. Furthermore, when we compare the economic impact of tariff reductions with reductions in estimated fixed trade costs we find that policy measures affecting the fixed costs are of greater importance than tariff barriers.     

Optimal growth and stages in the balance of payments

The standard economic development literature posits the existence of stages in the balance of payments accounts through which countries pass as part of the development process. This paper presents an optimal growth model of an open economy in which no such stage tendencies exist. It then discusses applications and implications for the real world.     

Gravity in International Finance

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of papers estimating gravity equations for cross-border financial holdings without much of a theoretical foundation. In this paper we develop a theory for bilateral asset holdings that takes a gravity form. We discuss how to estimate international financial frictions and conduct comparative statics analysis within the context of the theory. We also find though that reasonable extensions of the model no longer generate a gravity form. While this does not significantly complicate estimation and comparative statics analysis, it raises questions about the empirical validity of gravity specifications for cross-border financial holdings that need to be addressed in future work.     

Can time-varying risk premiums explain the excess returns in the interest rate parity condition?

This paper shows that the deviations from the UIP condition are equally large in advanced and emerging market economies. Using monthly data, and a GARCH-M model we find that a large share of these deviations in both country groups are explained by time-varying risk premium. To more clearly identify risk premium shocks, we then estimate a two-country, New Keynesian, DSGE model using a Bayesian methodology and quarterly data. The results suggest that at the quarterly frequency, the large deviations from the UIP condition and the high explanatory power of risk premium are only observed for emerging market economies.     

Risk,external adjustment and capital flows

This paper studies the process of external adjustment. I develop an open economy model with endowment and preference shocks that can account for the empirical behavior of real exchange rates, interest rates and consumption in the U.S. and Europe. The model includes cross border holdings of bonds and equity, and financial frictions that impede international risk-sharing. I find that external adjustment following endowment shocks predominantly takes place via trade flows, consistent with the intertemporal approach to the current account. In contrast, preference shocks that change investors' risk aversion induce adjustment via the trade and valuation channels; where the latter includes the effects of unexpected capital gains and loss on existing cross border holdings and changes in the expected future return differentials between foreign assets and liabilities. The model estimates imply that the valuation channel of external adjustment is more important for the U.S. than the trade channel. Consistent with this implication, I show that forecasts of future return differentials contributed most to the volatility of the U.S. net foreign asset position in the post Bretton-Woods era.     

产业结构升级对中国经济波动的影响——基于三部门新凯恩斯模型的分析

宏观经济由不同产业构成,其整体波动是不同产业波动的综合效果,蕴含了不同产业自身的波动以及它们之间相互作用的复杂机制。文章在考虑中国产业结构升级实际状况的基础上构建了三部门的新凯恩斯模型,分析了产业结构升级熨平经济波动的四种具体机制：粘性价格机制、部门需求转化机制、厂商价格策略互补机制和产业相对规模变动机制。通过数值模拟研究发现：考虑产业结构的三部门新凯恩斯模型明显优于单部门模型,能够较好地再现中国产业波动性大于总产出波动性的特征事实,文章模拟结果表明产业结构升级能够降低宏观经济波动20%左右。文章的研究结论意味着,政府要实现宏观经济的平稳运行应注重推动产业结构升级。     

Market entry and international propagation of business cycles

In this paper, pro-cyclical market entry acts as an international transmission mechanism for business cycle shocks. In an imperfectly competitive dynamic equilibrium model, an expansion in one open economy leads to additional business formation in a parallel large open economy through demand spillovers. Business formation causes a decline in markups leading to an expansion in employment, production, and investment in both economies. The modeling of the entry decision is critical. Only when the entry game is modelled as sequential (with incumbents enjoying a first mover advantage) are markups sufficiently elastic to cause international comovement.     

Defaultable debt, interest rates and the current account

World capital markets have experienced large scale sovereign defaults on a number of occasions. In this paper we develop a quantitative model of debt and default in a small open economy. We use this model to match four empirical regularities regarding emerging markets: defaults occur in equilibrium, interest rates are countercyclical, net exports are countercyclical, and interest rates and the current account are positively correlated. We highlight the role of the stochastic trend in emerging markets, in an otherwise standard model with endogenous default, to match these facts.     

Productive capabilities: An empirical analysis of their drivers

Recent contributions to the growth and trade literature have argued that the structure of an economy, as measured by its productive capabilities, is a key determinant for inter-country differences in development. Productive capabilities have been shown to be highly predictive of future economic growth, yet the country-level variables associated with them remain relatively unknown. In this paper, we empirically explore what variables are systematically associated with productive capabilities using a model averaging framework that can handle a very large number of potential explanatory variables without the need for arbitrary model selection. In order to estimate our dynamic panel specification, we propose a novel Bayesian averaging of classical estimates procedure based on the simple and efficient bias-corrected least squares dummy variable estimator. Our baseline and robustness analysis consider a large number of variables, sample periods and model priors. We find that there is persistence (as measured by the lagged dependent variable) and that variables, such as commodity terms of trade, energy availability, government consumption, capital per worker, arable land and capital inflows show a strong and robust association with capabilities.     

The dynamic effects of a currency union on trade

The response of trade to a monetary union is a dynamic process. An empirical study of the European monetary union finds that the extensive margin of trade in new goods responded several years ahead of EMU implementation and ahead of overall trade volume. A dynamic rational expectations trade model shows that early entry of new firms in anticipation is explainable as a rational forward-looking response to news. The model helps identify which types of trading frictions are reduced by a currency union, and shows how new entry can be affected by uncertainty about EMU.     

以进博会创新发展促进高水平对外开放的对策思考

举办中国国际进口博览会,是中国主动向世界开放国内市场的重大举措,体现了中国扩大开放、支持经济全球化和推动建设开放型经济的决心。进博会是新形势下中国开放型经济发展新阶段的必然要求,对我国应对国际贸易摩擦和促进新一轮高水平对外开放具有重要意义。本文从产品层面、制度层面和战略层面入手,阐释了进博会将成为我国新一轮高水平开放的重要平台。就如何创新进口管理体制、积极评估和宣传进博会国际作用、妥善处理可能遇到的问题、建立健全国际合作机制等问题,最后提出了利用进博会推进我国新一轮高水平对外开放的对策建议。     

巨灾情境下政府财政支出结构变动对我国宏观经济的动态效应研究--基于三部门DSGE模型的数值分析

基于动态随机一般均衡理论( DSGE),从罕见灾难的角度出发,分析政府投资结构变动对我国宏观经济平稳发展产生的潜在风险。研究表明,政府投资性支出过度无论在单一财政支出形式还是复合型财政支出形式下对灾难经济体均表现出显著的负效应,其对私人投资的挤出效应加剧了我国经济的风险,而服务性支出以及其他支出形式在灾难经济体中的影响相对较小。同时,通过区分TFP 灾难、资本灾难和双重灾难三种情形,分别探讨不同灾难类型对宏观经济的影响,研究发现,双重灾难对宏观经济的整体冲击远大于TFP灾难和资本灾难对经济的影响; TFP灾难与资本灾难各有侧重, TFP灾难对企业产出、居民消费及私人投资的冲击最小,资本灾难对就业的影响最弱。     

ECONOMIC CRISES,HOUSING PRICE BUBBLES AND SADDLE‐POINT ECONOMICS

Starting from the recent financial and economic crisis the standard interpretation of rational expectations and optimal control dynamic models is called into question referring to its lack of robustness. Using the example of the housing market it is shown that an alternative interpretation closer to the mathematical basics would imply economies much more crisis‐prone than they actually are. Market frictions reduce chances for bubbles and should be taken into consideration in positive as well as in normative economics. Dynamic models in a neoclassical spirit can explain reality only with frictions, and increasing frictions may sometimes be a reasonable stabilizing instrument of economic policy.     

Volatility and growth in developing economies: some numerical results and empirical evidence

This paper analyzes the effect of volatility on growth in a developing economy facing an imperfect world capital market. The analysis comprises: (i) the development of a formal framework for assessing the role of risk on growth; (ii) numerical simulation; and (iii) empirical testing of the model, using data from 61 developing economies. We find that the model plausibly replicates the equilibrium of small stylized economies subject to external and internal sources of risk. We define a benchmark economy and study the effects of various sources of risk and borrowing costs on the equilibrium growth rate, its variability, and welfare. The numerical results obtained are intuitive and supported by empirical evidence.     

开放条件下不同泰勒规则在中国的适用性研究

通过构建开放经济条件下同时存在后顾性变量和前瞻性变量的新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型,利用MATLAB随机数值模拟比较分析三种不同泰勒规则在中国的应用性问题。结果表明,总需求冲击加剧了产出的波动,而总供给冲击不利于通货膨胀的稳定。比较福利后,发现简单的名义利率泰勒规则比复杂的泰勒规则更加适合于中国目前的经济发展状况。央行在设定目标损失函数时,应该减少汇率的权重,而增加通货膨胀的权重,这有利于减少中国居民整体福利的损失。