A dirty deed done dirt cheap: Reporting the blame of a national reform on local politicians

This paper tests the hypothesis that upper-level governments can transfer the accountability of the costs of a reform to a lower one. The reform of the school week in France provides the ground for a verification of the attribution of accountability hypothesis, as it was nationally decided and locally implemented, right before a municipal election. The results confirm that local incumbents have taken the blame of the reform, especially in larger cities. In this case, thus, the cost of the reform is borne twice by the lower level of government, financially and politically. So doing, the central government does a dirty deed to the local ones, for a very cheap cost. That mayors who have announced a boycott of the reform have received electoral gains confirms that some local politicians expected to be the fall guys, bearing the brunt of the costs of the reform.     

Shifting theories: partial perspectives on the household

There is a neglect of networks within cooperative conflict models,which arises because of the patriarchal households assumed.But households are not the same everywhere, because their structureis dependent upon social context, and they are a sub-systemof wider social relations and realities. Understanding households(in this paper female-headed households) requires us to studythe varied contexts in which households are situated and thesocial relations of individuals within these institutions. Usingcontributions from feminist economics and realist social theory,this paper shows how these frameworks can explain the diversityof social reality in household formations and relations.     

关于将有限合伙制度引入我国农村中介组织的法律思考

中国传统的农村中介组织是以农民自我服务、自我经营为主的合作经济组织.随着农村改革的深入,农业市场的不断扩大和复杂化,暴露了管理制度不健全、组织结构不合理、产权关系不明确等制度缺陷.把有限合伙这一企业组织形式引入农村中介组织,可以弥补原有制度的不足,实现制度创新,使得农村中介组织在内部和外部关系上明确权利、义务,从而促进"三农"的和谐发展.     

Shifting the strategic paradigm: the case of the catalytic converter

The formulation and implementation of technology strategies by firms are closely and critically interrelated with the rate and direction of technological advance. Policy has an increasingly important role in this technology strategy process, such as in the provision of increasingly stringent guidelines for paths of developement, as in the case of environmental legislation on the reduction of undesiable automotive exhaust emissions. Drawing on evidence from the automotive industry, with a particular focus on catalytic converter technology, this paper considers the paradigmatic qualities of firms' technology strategies. It examines aspects of shifts in strategic paradigms and their technological and organizational effects. It is particularly concerned with the interrelation between firm strategy and government policy, and the integration of environmental pressures into the firms processes that ultimately determine paths of technological development and competitive performance in the automotive industry.     

Mark-up Pricing and the Forward Shifting of the Corporate Income Tax

Abstract
The framework used to test the hypothesis of forward income tax shifting is based on a simple mark-up pricing model and follows the methodology of Beath (1979). In this framework indications of forward tax shifting are inferred if the gross mark-up varies in order to achieve a targeted net of tax mark-up. Empirical results derived support the hypothesis and suggest significant forward corporate income tax shifting in Australian manufacturing companies over the data period 1968 to 1990.     

金融科技与企业"脱实向虚"——来自中国A股上市公司的证据

金融科技对促进企业高质量发展至关重要.基于中国A股上市公司数据,通过综合探讨金融科技对企业"脱实向虚"的影响,研究发现,金融科技的发展显著抑制了企业"脱实向虚".机制检验表明,金融科技通过竞争效应和成本效应两个渠道影响了企业"脱实向虚"行为;即金融科技使得企业投资金融资产的收益率和企业财务管理费用下降,从而促进了企业对实体经济的投资,抑制了企业"脱实向虚".此外,相比于国有企业、中西部地区的企业和处于市场化程度较低地区的企业,金融科技对非国有企业、东部地区的企业和处于市场化程度较高地区的企业"脱实向虚"的抑制作用更为明显;而且,金融科技的发展主要抑制了企业对投机性金融资产的投资,对企业保值性金融资产投资的影响并不明显.因此,应不断加大对金融科技的支持力度,积极发挥大数据、人工智能等技术对金融科技的支撑作用,同时给予中西部地区一定的政策优惠,进而不断提升金融科技对实体经济的赋能作用.     

Shifting the paradigm: Value in feminist critiques of economics

“Critique” of the Neoclassical paradigm in economics is a vital intellectual contribution in its own right. The prevailing wisdom and last word in economics, enforced by the socializing experiences of young would-be economists, is that if you can’t build a better theory immediately, without resources or access to debate and discussion, you have no right to criticize the existing paradigm, This requirement cuts off challenge and debate in economics, strongly deters the development of alternative theories, and leads to a weaker, less interesting economic science.     

企业成长过程中的战略重心变化

企业成长过程一般要经过初创期、成长期,成熟期和衰退期,本文通过分析不同成长阶段特征及其这些特征背后的深层次原因,提出了适应不同成长阶段特点的有针对性的战略重点:初创期的区域营销积聚战略和杠杆合作战略、成长期的系统成长战略和适度成长战略、成熟期的产业转型战略和价值创新战略、衰退期的组织分立战略和业务退出战略,从而为不同成长阶段的企业制定不同的战略提供理论的支持。     

Demand articulation in intermediary organisations: The case of orphan drugs in the Netherlands

Several aspects of a technology are uncertain when it is in its emerging phase, e.g. the demand for a technology. Demand articulation processes are regarded as important, but till now it is often treated as a black box. We present a conceptual framework for the analysis of demand articulation processes inside intermediary organisations, and in interaction with other stakeholders. The empirical basis of this framework is provided by a case study involving an event history analysis, in which the occurrence and the contents of demands are followed over time. We studied the processes within the ‘Dutch Steering Committee Orphan Drugs’, an intermediary organisation that supports new and emerging technologies in the context of orphan drugs. Our results show that due to the activity of the intermediary organisation demand articulation occurred, that interactions exist between the demands and the organisation's underlying values, and that in interaction with other actors a debate on the reimbursement of new drugs is settled. The major contribution of this paper lies in the design of a framework for studying demand articulation processes in intermediary organisations and the resulting impacts on the development of emerging technologies. In addition, the paper provides insights in the possibilities to reinforce the role of the intermediary organisation studied.     

Neuroeconomics as a Natural Extension of Bioeconomics: The Shifting Scope of Standard Economic Theory

Synopsis Neuroeconomics rightly has been claimed to be a natural extension of bioeconomics. One of the things bioeconomics investigates is what behavioral dispositions and what behavioral patterns evolutionary processes have produced. Neuroeconomics extends this to the study of evolved mechanisms that are at work in decision-making at the neural level of the brain. The paper argues that in another respect neuroeconomics and bioeconomics are discontinuous, however. Bioeconomics maintains that the applicability of standard economic theory’s constrained maximization framework is not confined to human behavior. The constrained maximization framework is believed to be suitable to describe behavior throughout the animal kingdom. By contrast, despite some minor internal disagreements all neuroeconomists seem to agree that human behavior is predicted poorly by standard economic theory in several social and economic situations. Neuroscience is believed to hold out the hope of an advanced understanding of when and why this is the case.      

The Unemployment and Wage Effects of Shifting to an Indirect Tax in an Efficiency Wage Model

This paper examines the unemployment and wage effects of the tax shift from an income tax to a consumption tax in a shirking-type efficiency wage model. It is found that the results of the ex-ante individual income-neutral and aggregate revenue-neutral proposals in this paper's efficiency wage model confirm those in the monopoly trade union model analyzed by Sampson (1986), Creedy and McDonald (1990, 1992), and Pemberton (1992). The ex-post tax-shifting schemes are also discussed.     

Implications of Shifting Retail Market Shares for Loan Monitoring in a Dominant‐Bank Model

This study utilizes a dominant‐bank model to investigate whether an increase in retail loan and deposit‐market concentration increases the incentives for both dominant and fringe banks to monitor their loans and thereby improve the quality of their loan portfolios. It shows that the effects on banks' incentives to engage in monitoring aimed at eliminating loan default losses in response to increased concentration of retail market shares of loans and deposits depend critically on whether the banks' asset and liability choices are interdependent. When the asset and liability decisions of both dominant and fringe banks are independent, a shift in market shares in favor of the dominant bank generates a straightforward increase in the incentives of all banks to monitor their loans. Under portfolio interdependence, the effects on monitoring outcomes at dominant banks and at banks within the competitive fringe depend on more complicated configurations of parameters. This fact helps explain mixed empirical evidence on the relationships between bank competition and measures of bank risk and soundness.