加拿大油砂领域投资分析

在高油价环境下,油砂项目经济性增强,国际石油公司纷纷进入油砂领域,加大对油砂项目的投入.储量大、项目寿命期长,油砂开采技术获得突破,良好的政治环境和稳定的财税政策等是加拿大油砂项目吸引外国投资者的主要原因.近年来,包括中国在内的亚洲石油公司积极寻求适当机会投资油砂项目.尽管面临油价变动、成本上升、地质条件复杂以及项目运营等方面的风险,但亚洲石油公司特别是中国的石油公司拥有自己的优势:对地质油藏认识和开采技术有丰富的积累;具有一定的国际合作经验,善于选择合作伙伴;保有健康的资产负债表和充足的资金实力等.     

A configurational analysis of network and knowledge variables explaining Born Globals' and late internationalizing SMEs' international performance

Network-based and knowledge-based conditions are widely regarded as important antecedents to international performance among new venture Born Globals (BGs) and their counterpart late internationalizing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Yet, while studies have examined the single effects of these ingredients on BGs' and late internationalizing SMEs' international activity, a configurational approach is still missing. How do network-based and knowledge-based factors matter for international performance and do they share the same importance for both types of firms? To address these questions, we apply for the first time a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) on data from managers and founders of 365 international German, Austrian, Swiss, and Liechtensteinian companies, mapping configurational paths that lead to high international performance. The results demonstrate that late internationalizers do not share the same paths as BGs for high international performance, except in one instance. We find four causal configurations for BGs and three for late internationalizing SMEs. Results show that while both groups of firms rely on network size, BGs rely much more on collaboration intensity as well as international market knowledge and education.     

国际炼油业务并购分析与启示

本轮国际金融危机之后,国际炼油业务并购再度活跃,呈现西方综合性石油公司出售炼油业务、独立炼油商和新兴国家的石油公司购买,以及世界范围内炼油业务由西向东转移的趋势.这些调整背后的根本动机在于实施专业化经营、国际化运营和战略转移.对于中国的石油公司而言,应审慎开展海外炼油业务并购,突出发展国内业务、积极搞好亚太中东地区的合资合作；重新认识综合性石油公司的特点,突出专业化优势；鼓励独立炼油商的发展,推动成品油资源的市场化.     

低碳能源专利发展态势及国内石油公司对策建议

低碳技术专利申请量从20世纪90年代后期开始急剧增长.大多数低碳技术专利权归发达国家跨国公司所有,面向发展中国家的专利授权有限.全球主要发达国家不断加强低碳技术开发和保护的力度.国际石油工程技术服务公司在非常规天然气技术领域处于优势地位,国际石油公司近几年开始加强专利布局.国际大石油公司对低碳技术的研发投入相对少,他们以并购作为获取低碳资源和低碳技术的主战略途径,并与技术领先公司合作,抢占发展先机.对于中国的石油公司来说,低碳技术价格高昂,引进成本不断增大.为此,国内石油公司可考虑常规天然气领域寻找机会并购拥有核心专利技术油工程技术服务公司;在具有发展前景的技术领合作研发与自主创新双管齐下;在开展合作时,需确保合作对象拥有关键技术;充分运用低碳能源领域的专利信息资源.     

Globalisation, strategic alliances, acquisitions and technology transfer. Lessons from ICL/Fujitsu and Rover/Honda and BMW

As globalisation proceeds major national companies may find themselves involved in domestic mergers and acquisitions, only to have turn later to international co-operation. International strategic alliances, though, often eventually move on to international acquisition, either involving the alliance partner (as in the case of ICL/Fujitsu) or some third party (as in the case of Rover/Honda/BMW). This article draws on research in Britain and Japan to investigate the strategic and technological implications of such co-operative trajectories. Two acid tests appear to determine whether such inter-company co-operations (whether mergers, acquisitions or strategic alliances) are likely ultimately to prove transitory, or whether they will progress towards some more stable inter-action: ?Is the arrangement ‘adding value’ technologically? Is it contributing to some process of international integration? ?Technological synergies and learning possibilities are often played down initially in domestic acquisitions, and even in international strategic alliances offering particular scope for technology transfer; but they are important in determining long term outcomes.     

国际石油公司职业道德规范初探

介绍了西方国际石油公司道德规范的基本内容和特征。西方国际石油公司的道德规范致力于创建一个集尊重、负责、诚信、公平和相互信赖为一体的工作环境,强调企业和个人的对等关系,具有较强的可操作性。建议中国石油企业认真研究国际石油公司已有的道德规范成果,在现有的框架基础上进一步完善我国石油企业的职业道德规范。同时,加强职业道德规范运行效果的自我检测,走出一条适合我国石油企业自身特点的职业道德建设之路。     

Insights from Senior Executives about Innovation in International Markets

Innovation and the internationalization of business are two of the most important factors determining business success today. However, very few empirical studies have examined these factors together. This study uses a discovery-oriented approach to examine innovation in the international marketplace. The study's findings are based on interviews with 64 senior executives including many current and former CEOs and presidents of multinational companies. The interviews were conducted in five countries over a period of several months. These findings provide insights into the thoughts of senior executives on innovation in international markets. Several novel insights that have implications for management practice and future academic research were discovered. Among these findings, executives stressed the importance of managing and disseminating knowledge throughout their companies during all stages of new product development. They highlighted several limitations in achieving this objective as well. Another finding is that firms adhere to several mechanisms that limit competition. In Japan, a well-recognized business hierarchy helps to form the market share goals of firms introducing new products. Companies in some categories seem to have an understanding that they will not introduce new products unless they are suitably differentiated from existing products. Other companies have bought out competitors to reduce competition. A third finding is that companies make concerted efforts to use standardized brand names and positioning. They find these efforts most suited to image-based products and children's products. Finally, the country-based management structures of most companies make it very difficult to cross-subsidize new products across countries.     

The international strategy of state-owned firms: An organizational process and politics perspective

This paper focuses on European government-controlled enterprises (GCEs) which are normal commercial undertakings (e.g. Renault, ENI, British Leyland, Salzgitter) as opposed to public monopolies (e.g. electric or telephone companies). It asks why such companies do or do not go international and what is distinctive about their international strategy and why.     

“走出去”面临的知识产权形势及石油企业应对策略

近年来,中国企业在国际市场上的崛起使原有市场巨头感受到威胁,频频发起专利侵权诉讼;诉讼的目的不在于确认侵权获得胜诉,而在于利用知识产权制约竞争对手。发达国家加强知识产权战略运用,鼓励并支持本国企业利用知识产权与中国企业竞争;同时还运用多种手段促使欠发达国家加大知识产权保护力度;知识产权成为西方国家“国家安全”的壁垒,给中国企业国际化带来严峻的挑战。在此形势下,中国石油企业应该意识到：遭遇和应对知识产权纠纷是中国企业走出国门不可避免的成长经历,积极应对这些纠纷有助于推动企业知识产权运用能力的提高;提前布局或紧跟国际业务发展步伐,在主要市场积累一定数量高质量的专利权,是有效应对知识产权纠纷的基础;知识产权纠纷是领先企业限制后发企业的一种手段或竞争对手之间的市场竞争行为。对于走出去的中国企业来说,需要加强知识产权预警工作,防范知识产权风险。     

Assessing international diversification of West German corporations

While product diversity has primarily attracted strategic management scholars, this paper examines the performance of corporate international diversification from a market point of view. The results indicate that in a highly industrialized, but relatively small, West German market, companies going abroad create shareholder wealth.     

Energiemarkt unter Hochspannung

The liberalisation of the German electricity market began ten years ago, yet many things have still not happened. About a hundred new companies have tried to bring movement into the industry, but very few have been successful. Now competition has arrived in the market and companies are facing a veritable revolution, aggravated especially by a raft of state regulatory measures. Over the next few years, departments of public works and local municipal power supply companies may disappear from the market altogether, or change their business models radically. Customers cannot look forward to price cuts, but they may nevertheless be able to save on electricity costs. That is because black-box electricity meters will be replaced by intelligent reading devices and skilled advice about reducing consumption. For many power suppliers this represents a new market to be tapped into. These are the results of a survey conducted by Steria Mummert Consulting and the F.A.Z. Institute amongst the top 100 energy suppliers in Germany.     

Intelligente Stromzähler und -netze: Versorger zögern mit neuen Angeboten

Without an intelligent energy network, the German government’s climate targets cannot be achieved. That’s because the development and supply to energy networks of renewable energies call for so-called “smart grids”. Smart meters are only the beginning here, and their installation has been mandatory in new buildings and as part of extensive renovations since the beginning of the year. The power suppliers expect that by 2020 most households in Germany will be fitted with smart meters. Yet the entire industry is generally behaving with some reluctance to driving forward the world of smart energy. These are the findings of the 2010 energy supplier industry compass, published by Steria Mummert Consulting in collaboration with the F.A.Z. Institute. The compass reports that although three quarters of companies plan to invest in new time- and load-variable rates by 2012, what they in fact offer are, in some cases, the cheapest possible solutions that just meet legal requirements. The reason for the suppliers’ reluctance: the great majority of companies are still not convinced about the benefits and economic efficiency of smart metering for their own business. Plus, they estimate that consumer demand over the coming years will be on the low side. Just eleven per cent of the directors of 100 supply companies questioned in the survey see smart metering as a suitable tool for achieving the German government’s climate targets.     

金融危机下国际大石油公司生产经营状况及应对策略

2008年下半年以来,全球金融危机蔓延,实体经济陷入衰退,国际大石油公司的生产经营受到较大冲击。在此背景下,国际大石油公司采取措施,积极应对金融危机带来的挑战：不断加大市场营销力度,努力保持生产经营平稳运行;严格控制投资规模、优化投资结构、把握投资节奏,保持公司的回报水平和流动性;严格控制成本,努力保持和扩大盈利空间;调整资本结构和债务结构,保持财务灵活性,有效控制财务风险。金融危机并没有改变国际大石油公司的发展理念,突出体现在以下几个方面：继续坚持可持续发展理念,为未来增长夯实基础;坚持价值理念,严格投资管理;坚持集约发展理念,加大业务结构调整和资产整合力度,进一步突出油气核心业务;坚持技术领先理念,保持和增强竞争优势。     

我国电网企业国际化人才管理策略研究

随着电网企业国际化战略的实施,国际化人才对电网企业具有越来越重要的意义。在分析国际化人才对电网企业重要意义的基础上．总结了电网企业国际化人才的特点,对比当前电网企业国际化人才队伍存在的主要问题,从人才引进、教育培训、薪酬福利等方面提出电网企业加强国际化人才管理的建议。     

Grosse Stadtwerke – theoretische und empirische Exploration eines besonderen Akteurs in der Energiewende Deutschlands und der Schweiz

Urban utility companies are key players in the Swiss and German energy sector. Due to the federalist and subsidiary governance structure of the two countries’ energy sector, they perform highly system relevant tasks, as e.?g. managing the distribution grids or ensuring the public services for “their city”. In the public and scientific discourse on the role of different actor groups in the energy transition, however, not much attention is paid to urban utility companies. This contribution aims at a theoretical and empirical exploration of these particular actors by analysing their characteristics, specific challenges and strategic answers in the context of the energy transition. For this purpose, the article derives analytical dimensions for the analysis of urban utility companies from scholarly literature on transition studies, network industries and public corporate governance and empirically analyses characteristics and the current situation of urban utility companies in Germany and Switzerland. Methodologically, this article is based on an explorative, qualitative study, which synthesises results from a literature analysis, a document analysis, 38 expert interviews in both countries (in 2017) and two expert workshops conducted in Switzerland (in 2018). The study shows, how the characteristics of urban utility companies can be explained based on public corporate governance and network industries literature. This also allows to identify and understand their particular challenges, as e.?g. the fields of tension among public and private interest in the firms and the multi-dimensional relationship of owner or the particularities of network industries. Finally, this article points out, that the role of urban utility companies in the Swiss and German energy transition is neither just “inhibitor” nor pure “innovator”, but can be labelled as “intelligent follower” and “engineer of the energy transition”.     

European Integration and Transnational Management-Union Relations in the Enterprise

The Single European Market has generated considerable interest in the prospects for European-level management-union arrangements in transnational companies. European works councils have emerged in a small but growing number of transnationals. The circumstances in which companies might promote such arrangements are analysed. Attention is paid to whether companies are organized along international product or territorial lines and to their product diversification strategies. Transnationals will also be influenced by trade union pressure at European level and by aspects of the industrial relations system in their home country.     

Success is not enough: The spectacular rise and fall of a strategic alliance between two multinationals

This article analyzes a strategic alliance between two multinational companies from the same geographical region. Originating in the same industrial culture and with technically advanced, complementary products, they formed a strategic alliance for international growth in 1947. Despite significant changes in the market over the years, the companies remained market leaders and icons of a successful alliance until 1988, when the alliance suddenly collapsed. The study describes the alliance process from a long-term perspective using a theoretical framework based on motives, resources, competitive advantage, trust and performance. Although the alliance is no more, it is found to have made a substantial contribution to the collaborating firms with respect to their growth and expansion in the world market. Both partners achieved what they expected from the alliance. They also have developed well as competitive companies thereafter. The sudden end to the collaboration can therefore not be seen as a failure. However, it is argued that the separation process, as the process of alliance formation, needs to be taken seriously, and managers must give sufficient time and effort to ensure that the break-up becomes non-dramatic and less painful.     

Barriers to the “key supplierization” of the firm

The phenomenon of key supply management (KSM) in business companies is far less investigated than the phenomenon of key account management (KAM) which beneficiates, both in practice and in an academic context, from a growing interest. This article is based on the empirical analysis of a sample of 10 international companies which have recently launched KSM programmes or are currently working on launching such programs. It examines the difficulties these companies come up against when implementing such programmes and proposes to organize these difficulties around three dimensions: 1) the difficulties in implementing real supplier portfolio approaches; 2) the narrow view of value co-creation with suppliers, and 3) the persistent lack of integration of the purchasing function with other internal functions within the company. The conclusion of the article is that KSM is far from being a mere symmetric phenomenon of KAM. Several implications are then discussed in relation to the implementation of KSM programmes within companies.     

Facebook上的中国虚像

令人遗憾的是,在全球最大的社交网络平台上,中国企业成了非常尴尬的边缘角色。5月7日,Facebook CEO马克·扎克伯格身穿牛仔裤和运动衫,开着一辆黑色SUV来到位于纽约曼哈顿中心的喜来登酒店,启动了IPO路演程序。一个小时以前,狂热的投资者已经在酒店外面排成了长队。Facebook计划通过上市募资106亿美元