国外旅游与消除贫困问题研究评述

旅游与消除贫困研究是近年来旅游研究的新议题，本文从旅游对贫困人口的影响、贫困人口参与和受益情况、PPT战略4个方面回顾和分析了国外旅游与消除贫困研究的主要内容，其中重点分析了PPT战略研究的相关内容，总结了国外旅游与反贫困研究对我国旅游扶贫研究的启示。     

国外旅游目的地营销研究综述

本文对国外旅游目的地营销研究进行综述.近10年来国外研究主要涉及旅游目的地形象、旅游目的地营销组织、旅游目的地促销、信息技术与目的地营销4大方面.文章在简要评述我国旅游目的地营销研究现状的基础上,结合国外研究情况,认为强化实证研究及定量分析、旅游目的地品牌及定位研究、旅游目的地营销组织、信息技术的促进作用和旅游目的地营销绩效评价应是我国近期旅游目的地营销研究的主要方向.     

关于旅游供应链研究中几个问题的思考——兼与路科同志商榷

旅游供应链的研究在国内是一个较新的领域和课题,诸多学者在这方面已经作了许多积极和有意义的研究,本文试对当前旅游供应链研究中的供应链模式、旅行社在供应链上的定位等问题作初步探讨,同时就有关问题与路科同志商榷.     

旅游供应链协同创新的治理困境:契约还是关系?

旅游供应链协同创新能够获得单个创新主体无法企及的整体创新效果.然而,旅游供应商的机会主义行为却是旅游供应链协同创新的障碍.旅游运营商对供应商进行有效治理,是旅游供应链协同创新的关键.文章分析了旅游运营商对供应商实施正式治理和非正式治理,即签订合法契约引入外部强制性的法律约束,与构建关系规范实现群体内自主性约束这两种机制的治理效果.研究发现,合法契约、关系规范均能够显著减少旅游供应商机会主义行为,促进旅游供应链协同创新.但旅游运营商自身的可替代性会影响治理机制产生的治理效果.随着旅游运营商可替代性程度的提高,关系规范对机会主义行为的约束作用显著增强,彰显出关系规范对供应链成员的保健效果;而关系规范对旅游供应链协同创新的促进作用减弱,表明旅游运营商的可替代性会削弱关系规范的激励效果.文章能够在理论方面对旅游供应链治理与协同创新研究进行补充;同时在实践方面也有利于指导旅游运营商有针对性地运用治理机制对旅游供应链进行治理,保障旅游供应链协同创新的实现.     

中国旅游扶贫研究综述

近年来有关中国旅游与贫困的研究解决了一些重大问题,如旅游扶贫的意义、政府的重要作用、社区参与的核心地位、乡村资源的基础地位等得到广泛确认.但是总体而言研究处于初级阶段.在研究对象上,没有将贫困人口作为研究的核心;对重大问题的研究方面,尚显不够系统、深入;在研究方法层面,大量的定性研究集中在探讨定义、概念和旅游的一般性影响,缺乏深入的旅游扶贫定量研究.今后的研究应更多地通过对不同旅游形式对贫困人口的经济、社会、环境等各个方面的实际影响进行系统的定性与定量分析相结合的案例研究,设计旅游扶贫的概念模式和具体的模式实施指南,并创建出中国旅游扶贫的理论体系.     

影响我国可持续旅游扶贫效益的因子分析

相对于传统扶贫而言,旅游扶贫是一种全新的扶贫方式.自20世纪80年代提出旅游扶贫以来,旅游业在改善贫困地区的经济、社会文化和环境等综合效益方面的确起到了很大的拉动作用.但与此同时,在旅游扶贫的过程中也出现了一些令人担忧的问题,如受益不均、旅游漏损、产品模仿严重等,这些问题的存在弱化了旅游扶贫的可持续效应,本文正是基于这样的考虑,对影响我国可持续旅游扶贫效益的因子进行了初步探索.     

基于居民视角的旅游扶贫感知调查研究 ——以怒江州片马镇为例

旅游扶贫的核心焦点是贫困人口,但旅游扶贫带来的效应却是惠及大多数人口的,居民对旅游扶贫的感知和评价是衡量旅游扶贫效益的重要因素。文章在梳理旅游扶贫效应的相关文献基础上,以片马镇全体居民为研究对象,采用问卷调查法和模糊综合评价法对居民旅游扶贫感知进行分析,进而对当地旅游扶贫效应进行较为全面的评价。研究结果显示:片马镇旅游扶贫综合效益良好,但各方面的效应存在一定差异。当地居民对旅游扶贫中政府作为感知的评价最高,其次分别是环境效应感知、社会文化效应感知、经济效应感知、居民参与意愿感知和居民参与能力感知。片马镇应该立足于居民旅游扶贫感知评价结果,以感知差异为依据,对旅游扶贫后续工作进行相应的调整。     

武陵片区旅游精准扶贫实现路径研究

目前,旅游扶贫工作已经占据了较为强大的市场优势,它有着强劲的造血功能和新兴的产业活力,对于农民脱贫致富而言有着巨大的推动力。作为一种动态开放的、不断获取反馈的系统,乡村旅游精准扶贫工作的主要内容有三:精准扶贫识别、精准扶贫帮扶以及精准扶贫管理,其目标的最终实现离不开这三方面的有机统一。在精准扶贫的环境下,如何将其理念融入到乡村旅游的实践活动中并提升扶贫的精准化程度与针对性值得我们进一步探究。本篇文章主要探析了乡村旅游精准扶贫的几个路径,其中包含有效延伸农村的产业链、因地制宜式的扶贫、将乡村营销平台进一步优化、以协同联动推动政策合力以及重视人力培训的工作等内容。     

精准扶贫下天水乡村旅游创新发展策略研究

天水市通过发展乡村旅游使一些地方脱贫致富了,但当前还存在分布分散、规模小、档次低,基础设施不完善,乡村旅游产品单一、缺乏形象品牌,宣传营销滞后,贫困户的旅游介入能力缺失等问题。因此,在精准扶贫背景下,如何将精准扶贫理念应用于天水乡村旅游扶贫实践,创新发展天水乡村旅游成为亟待解决的问题。     

30年境内外宗教旅游研究综述

宗教旅游是一个既古老又缺乏深入研究的旅游方向.30年来,境内对宗教旅游的研究,仍然仅限于对宗教旅游资源的规划和宗教旅游产品开发的探讨;反观境外的研究则较为全面,除了对宗教游客的理论、游客群体、活动、动机等各方面进行探索性的研究外,更在旅游资源规划和开发方面进行更多样化的研究,包括对宗教旅游资源的管理和营销等.文章通过6个研究方向,即宗教旅游资源发展与规划研究、宗教场所的旅游发展与管理研究、宗教旅游的影响研究、宗教旅游营销与产品开发研究、宗教旅游可持续发展研究和宗教旅游者相关研究,对境内外1981-2015年间所发表的宗教旅游文献进行梳理、归纳和分析.最后结合境内外研究的结果,从5个方面探讨境内宗教旅游研究面对的问题并提出建议.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.     

Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization

This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.