生态农业发展模式研究——以江苏省泰州市为例

生态农业是现代农业的重要组成部分,是实现农业农村经济可持续发展的重要途径。文章以江苏省泰州市为例,分析不同生态农业发展模式的特点、成效及推广影响因素。研究认为:投入成本较高、政策扶持不够、人力资源紧张、配套设施欠缺、环境支撑薄弱是制约生态农业发展模式创新及推广的主要因素,要牢固树立五大发展理念,通过加强统筹规划建设、加大政策扶持力度、提升人才队伍素质、加强生态环境治理等有力举措,大力创新和推广生态农业发展模式,加快发展优质高效现代生态农业。     

The Labour Process in Rural Haryana (India): A Field-Report from Two Villages

Forms of labour hiring and the extent of unemployment are analysed using primary data collected from two villages in Haryana (India) during 2002–3. Data from these villages show that wage labourers, particularly women, faced extremely high levels of unemployment. Employment in agriculture was limited and new forms of labour hiring contracts had emerged under conditions of high unemployment. Earnings of manual workers were very low and gender disparities in wages very high. In one of the villages, a high concentration of landholdings and a decline in labour use facilitated the use of long-term workers. Labour relations were characterized by significant degrees of unfreedom, although the extent and nature of unfreedom varied considerably between casual and long-term workers, and between the two villages. In particular, long-term siri workers worked under conditions that were akin to bondage. It is argued that a very high degree of unemployment, combined with unequal caste and land relations and dependence on employers for credit, contributed to sustenance of unfree labour relations in rural Haryana.     

Public works programmes and agricultural risk: Evidence from India

The agricultural sectors in many low- and middle-income countries remain highly vulnerable to weather risk, a vulnerability that will only intensify under climate change. The globally trending public works programmes have the potential to impact weather-related agricultural risk. I explore the impact of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) on weather-related agricultural risk. My empirical strategy explores the staggered roll-out of NREGA and random weather fluctuations. Using a nationwide panel of data, I find that NREGA makes crop yields more sensitive to low rainfall shocks. I posit that these results are consistent with a labour market channel, by which NREGA increases nonfarm labour supply in low rainfall years, and an income channel, by which NREGA leads to riskier agricultural practices. These results highlight the importance of understanding how social protection programmes shape agricultural risk.     

黑龙江省农业发展循环经济浅析

基于循环经济的概念内涵和评价原则，及农业可持续发展思想的基本内涵，对黑龙江省农业可持续发展中生态环境问题进行分析，在此基础上提出了发展循环经济是实现黑龙江省农业可持续发展的模式选择，并提出了黑龙江省农业循环经济模式初步框架。     

Planning for Africa: The British Labour Party's Colonial Development Policy, 1920–1964

The article examines the formation of the British Labour Party's colonial policy towards Africa. It traces how the early Radical Liberal critique of colonial rule gave way to the influence of Fabianism, which provided the guidelines to the Labour government's post-war development measures. These sought to incorporate Africans into institutions which would simultaneously provide more productive labour and consolidate colonial rule. The development of the African colonies was believed to reside in restructuring the interface between the state and society. A challenge to the Party's Fabian-inspired colonial policy emerged in the 1950s. In the midst of the ideological struggle between the party's left and right wings, arguments questioning the African colonies' economic subordination to metropolitan interests briefly entered into policy debates.     

鲁南经济带现代农业可持续发展研究

鲁南经济带在区位、资源、交通、产业发展等方面具有发展现代农业的优势,面临着东亚经济一体化趋势加快、国家惠农政策的实施、全国主体功能区规划和区域发展战略的实施等发展的良机,也存在着经济发展水平较低、城市化水平不高、县域经济落后、产业结构不合理和现代农业发展落后等问题.因此,应在政府大力支持下,搞好规划,整合资源,增加投入...     

Land and water use in India

The author pinpoints India's current land and water use problems. Various solutions are suggested taking into account the demands of the expanding population and the importance of agricultural land to India's development. India's climatic variations and the ways in which they affect land and water supplies and planning, are covered in detail. The many serious difficulties which the two natural resources face and which the planners must overcome if land and water are to be put to optimal use, are outlined separately, yet the interrelations between land and water and the need to develop them are also stressed.     

甘肃少数民族地区农业发展存在的问题与对策建议

通过对甘肃少数民族地区农业发展现状分析,指出甘肃少数民族地区存在着自然条件严酷,生态环境差,产业结构不合理,农产品没有形成明显的产业链,农业生产投入不足,专业技术人才缺乏等问题。认为应保护少数民族地区草原生态环境,科学调整农牧业产业结构,扶持一批带动能力强的以农牧产品加工为主的龙头企业,进一步加大农业生产投入力度,才能促进甘肃少数民族地区农业的有效发展。     

国内外农业可持续发展评价理论、方法与应用

可持续发展是当前农业发展研究的主要领域。文章从农业可持续发展研究的框架模型、指标体系、以及权重确定等方面对农业可持续研究进行综述。通过对农业可持续发展研究指标选择的统计分析,对我国农业可持续发展研究进行评价,并指出我国农业可持续发展的研究方向。     

基于WSR方法论的都市农业旅游可持续发展研究

该文考察了国内外都市农业旅游发展现状和问题,论述了都市农业旅游可持续发展的内涵和系统观,并以WSR方法论为理论框架,分析都市农业旅游可持续发展的系统要素,提出了都市农业旅游可持续发展等7个实施步骤。     

Agrarian Crisis and Agrarian Questions in India

This essay reviews five recent books concerned with different aspects of the agrarian crisis and agrarian questions in India. Each book deals, implicitly or explicitly, with specific facets of these issues. Specific regional patterns of highly exploitative agrarian capitalist developments and the role of agro‐commercial capital are analysed by the books. The essay argues that the agrarian crisis is class specific and that the capitalist farming classes are, in the main, able to successfully accumulate, although uneven development across India makes generalization difficult. The review concludes with some overall perspectives on agrarian transition in India.     

The Political Economy of Agricultural Statistics and Input Subsidies: Evidence from India,Nigeria and Malawi

The political economy of agricultural policies – why certain interventions may be preferred by political leaders rather than others – is well recognized. This paper explores a perspective that has previously been neglected: the political economy of the agricultural statistics. In developing economies, the data on agricultural production are weak. Because these data are assembled using competing methods and assumptions, the final series are subject to political pressure, particularly when the government is subsidizing agricultural inputs. This paper draws on debates on the evidence of a Green Revolution in India and the arguments on the effect of withdrawing fertilizer subsidies during structural adjustment in Nigeria, and finally the paper presents new data on the effect of crop data subsidies in Malawi. The recent agricultural census (2006/7) indicates a maize output of 2.1 million metric tonnes, compared to the previously widely circulated figures of 3.4 million metric tonnes. The paper suggests that ‘data’ are themselves a product of agricultural policies.     

An innovative means of urban land development: A case study of Trichur in India

Summary

For more than seven decades, several Indian states have used the plot reconstitution technique in managing urban land development. Recently, Kerala, a small southern state, has experimented with this technique for the first time in a scheme in Trichur. The Trichur experience is unique in that it incorporates significant innovations over a somewhat similar method of land readjustment which is widely practiced in the Asian‐Pacific region. Formulated for complete cost‐recovery, the Trichur project incorporates the active cooperation of the landowners and officials, and is a time‐bound programme to complete all land development and building construction works within six years of the finalization of the scheme proposals.

This paper attempts to explore the use of this innovative means of land development in Trichur with a view to assessing the potentiality and constraints in its use, and identifying critical areas where further refinements would be desirable. Based on fieldwork in the state and intensive interviews, the paper finds the Trichur experience to be of great importance as a viable strategy of urban land development and management. The paper concludes with some recommendations on legal and institutional aspects, and stresses the need for refinements in the scheme preparation and information dissemination for transferability and wider application of the technique.     

Fair Trade and Organic Agriculture in Developing Countries: A Review

Fair trade regimes and organic agricultural systems are 2 innovations that increasingly play an important role for agriculture in developing countries. Whereas fair trade regimes have their origin in the developing countries, organic agriculture was started in the rich countries and has only recently become popular in the Third World. Both innovations can be mutually reinforcing as fair trade often combined with organic production standards opens up new market prospects. In this article we explore the opportunities and constraints of marketing organic products from developing countries under fair trade regimes. Based on available literature, we review evidence of the magnitude of organic production and fair trade systems in developing countries. We also propose a framework for studying the impact of fair traded organically produced commodities using the case of black pepper in India. The framework will generate testable hypotheses regarding the 2 innovations.     

黑龙江省绿色农业发展的问题及对策

黑龙江省绿色农业发展水平和增长速度相对较缓慢。从生态、资源、从业人员、财政税收政策等方面对黑龙江省绿色农业发展的现状进行分析,指出了黑龙江省绿色农业生态环境恶化、政府财政扶持力度不够、劳动力素质不高、专业人才匮乏等问题,并针对上述存在的问题进行系统分析,为开发黑龙江省农业提出推进发展的解决方案,加强生态环境建设、强化科技推广、农业从业者素质提高、加强政府财政扶持力度的强有力对策和建议,以促进黑龙江省绿色农业的稳定和迅速发展。     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

The political ecology of rice intensification in south India: Putting SRI in its places

The system of rice intensification (SRI) has been promoted across Asia as a means to improve rice yields while decreasing water use and external inputs. It is argued to be a generalisable means by which to revalidate smallholder livelihoods and improve food security across the region. Current debates about SRI, however, remain predominantly technical in scope, focusing on field‐level outcomes. To more adequately understand the potential of SRI for smallholder farmers, we argue that it is necessary to situate SRI within a political ecology framework that addresses how the adoption and practice of SRI is shaped by uneven access to key assets including labour, water, and extension networks. Fieldwork conducted in Mahabubnagar district in Telangana, south India—where SRI had been widely disadopted despite the achievement of higher yields—is used to illustrate why agronomic analysis must engage directly with the complex social contexts in which farmers operate.     

开启四川秦巴山区智慧农业飞速发展之旅

信息化是现代社会发展的必然趋势,也是农业发展的一大机遇。智慧农业是农业发展的深刻变革阶段,是四川秦巴山区农业实现跨越式发展的必经道路。四川秦巴山区拥有着丰富的农产品资源和一定的信息化基础,而且紧邻成都、绵阳等智慧大城市以及有着得天独厚的智慧农业发展基础。在分析四川秦巴山区智慧农业发展存在问题的基础上,根据山区农业特有的特点,以达州、巴中等智慧城市建设为契机,提出发展电子商务、建立大数据中心以及加强农业人才队伍培养等措施,旨在为四川秦巴山区智慧农业的发展提供参考。     

禅宗农业的形成与发展

禅宗农业是寺院经济的重要组成部分，禅者的生活和修行方式促进了禅宗农业的形成与发展。长期开垦荒地和“一日不作一日不食”是禅宗农业的最大特点。同时，具有一定规模的禅宗农业对禅宗的发展有着重要影响，并因之形成了“农禅并重”文化传统。