METHODS OF ESTIMATING HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

This paper presents empirical evidence regarding key assumptions of the Rothbarth and Barten methods of constructing household equivalence scales. The assumption of separability in the Rothbarth model is investigated by examining the implied intra-household allocation of specific goods and by examining studies of economies of scale in household consumption. The assumption of the exogeneity of the distribution parameters in the Barten model is related to the results of empirical studies of clothing expenditures. This paper suggests that empirical evidence fails to support the assumptions maintained in these theoretically sophisticated models of household income equivalence.     

Optimale Aggregation von großen linearen Gleichungssystemen

Ohne ZusammenfassungDer Autor dankt den Herren Anton P. Barten, Hilmar Drygas, Walter d. Fisher sowie Hans Schneeweiß für die anregenden Diskussionen über den Gegenstand der Arbeit.     

Consumer allocation models: Choice of functional form

The functional form of consumer allocation models should be able to satisfy theoretical properties derived from the theory of consumer demand. The paper sketches four approaches that meet this condition. Of course, also empirical performance matters. Next to naive goodness-of-fit comparison, non-nested hypothesis testing can be employed. The latter technique is applied to a comparison of four versions of differential demand systems: the Rotterdam system, a version of the Almost Ideal Demand (AID) system, the CBS system and the NBR system. These systems are artificially nested in a more general model using scalar weights in contrast to Barten and McAleer (1991) who use matrix weights for this purpose. Annual data over the period 1921–1981 for The Netherlands for four major groups of consumer expenditure have been used for the empirical application. The CBS system dominates the others.     

Why is demand homogeneity so often rejected?

Several statistical tests have indicated that homogeneity of consumer demand must be rejected [see, e.g., Barten (1969), Byron (1970), Lluch (1971), and Deaton (1974)]. A simulation experiment shows that the standard test is seriously biased toward rejecting this hypothesis. For the case presented, a small sample interpretation of the test statistic explains this bias.     

Inverse demand systems and choice of functional form

Barten (Empirical Economics 18 (1993) 129) recently advocated estimation of a synthetic demand system that mechanically nests four other popular differential demand models. This paper follows a similar strategy, but in the context of four inverse share-equation demand systems: The Inverse Translog Demand System (ITLDS); the Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System (IAIDS); the Inverse Lewbel Demand System (ILDS); and the Inverse Non-Separable Linear Expenditure System (INLES). Each of these specifications is artificially nested in a Hybrid Inverse Demand System (HIDS). An empirical application to three categories of quarterly U.S. meat demand data over the period 1961-1996 indicates the HIDS is a preferred specification.     

Household composition,Engel curves and welfare comparisons between households: A duality approach

This paper is about household composition effects in consumer theory. These are important for the specification and estimation of Engel curves and demand functions. The models examined here have important applications in the areas of the measurement of cost of living indices, the study of poverty and inequality and in certain aspects of social policy. The models are based on the approach of Barten (1964). Taste differences between households are parameterized in a way which has been called simple good augmenting or simple repackaging in the literature on quality change. In this theory, changes in household composition play an analogous role to price changes. ‘True household equivalent scales’ are developed which are analogous to true cost of living indices and permit welfare comparisons across households.     

TRUE HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POOR IN THE UNITED STATES

In this paper we deal with the question of which measures of economic well-being are adequate to identify those groups of households in the U.S. whose economic conditions justify public concern and assistance. We derive a utility based measure of economic well-being from the estimation of a complete set of consumer demand equations. The demand system is Lluch's Extended Linear Expenditure System (Lluch, 1973). Household characteristics are incorporated using the scaling method proposed by Barten (1966). Using the welfare indicator derived, we study the composition of the poorest part of the population, using data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Survey. We compare our results with those obtained using various other welfare indicators, including the official U.S. poverty line. We show that using different family composition adjustments significantly and systematically affects just who are considered to be at the bottom of the welfare distribution. We finally suggest that program designers therefore can improve their target efficiency by carefully selecting from among the acceptable indices of welfare when defining program eligibility.     

Demographic variables in demand systems: The case for generality

This paper provides evidence in favour of greater generality in the demographic demand literature. We propose two demographic demand procedures. One extends the Gorman model by allowing non additive interaction between overheads and Barten scaling. The other extends Price Scaling, by allowing the equivalence scale to vary with utility, and offers a test of Equivalence Scale Exactness (ESE). The rejection of ESE is robust to the assumed demand functional forms (RNLPS, QAIDS), to items chosen, and the estimation method (MLE, GMM). The results show that published cell averages yield well determined estimates of the demographic generalisation parameters.This paper was written during my visit to the UBC in Vancouver, Canada in 1992/93. I am grateful to two anonymous referees for their helpful remarks on an earlier version. The disclaimer applies.     

移植模式下企业参与研发的高校技术转移定价研究

校企合作能有效促进技术成果转化,而高校如何合理制定定价模式对校企间技术转移起到了关键作用。围绕校企技术转移中的移植模式,结合企业参与情景,构造了校企间技术转移期望效用函数,设计了高校技术转移定价模型,并通过实证求解验证了该模型,对高校确立合理的定价模式具有一定的现实指导意义。     

商业模式创新、先动市场导向与制造业服务化转型研究

服务化转型已成为制造企业创新商业运作模式并重获竞争优势的重要手段,然而,学术界对制造业服务化转型的内在机制仍然缺乏认识。基于商业模式创新与市场导向视角,探讨制造业服务化转型路径、商业模式创新和市场导向对制造业服务化的影响。实证研究表明,效率型商业模式创新与新颖型商业模式创新对制造企业服务化转型具有不同影响,效率型商业模式创新显著影响协作性服务,新颖型商业模式创新显著影响生产性服务。制造业服务化转型除受到商业模式创新的直接影响外,还受到企业对顾客需求响应的影响,即先动市场导向的中介作用。     

湖南制造业集群化发展模式研究

根据湖南的区域经济特点和区域制造业的优势,通过大型制造企业与中小型企业的前向、后向或横向联系,形成一种具有互补共生机制的区域集群化模式,使湖南由"制造大省"变为"制造强省".由于湖南制造业具有初级生产要素的优势,因此,湖南的非金属矿物制品、金属冶炼及压延加工等行业目前在全国占有重要地位,但由于这些行业对能源矿产消耗极大,必须进行产业结构升级,由初级生产要素的简单利用转向对高级生产要素开发.     

An econometric model of Kuwait's non-oil GDP

A model covering the production part of the non-oil GDP in Kuwait is specified and estimated for the period 1972-93. The estimated model has passed the test of validation quite well. Therefore, the model has been used to experiment with a number of possible scenarios to depict a future path of all the endogenous variables of the model. The postulated scenarios are adopted from the various policy options of Kuwait's Ministry of Planning. The results have indicated that a quick reform policy will cause a substantial decline in non-oil production and consumption. A better policy option would be to choose a policy between minor and gradual reform.     

创新基因学视角下商业模式创新方法研究

现有对商业模式创新概念的界定尚不清晰,可行的研究模型也未建立,因此亟待研究方法上的突破。基于此,将创新基因学理论引入商业模式创新探究,借助多案例探索性研究方法,对商业模式创新基因学开展了深入分析,总结出一套适用于多领域的普适性商业模式创新方法。研究结果表明,商业模式创新基因学方法具有适用性和新颖性,可视化和可操作性较强,可为多领域商业模式创新提供新思路。     

高管团队跨界行为对商业模式创新的影响:创业导向的中介作用

资源是企业商业模式创新的基础要素,高管团队跨界行为是跨越组织边界获取异质性资源的有效途径,创业导向是资源整合的战略行为决策指导。聚焦高管团队跨界行为和创业导向,研究两者影响商业模式创新的内在机制。以上海、北京、广东、浙江、江苏5个区域163家企业为研究对象,对问卷数据进行层级回归分析。结果表明：高管团队跨界行为对商业模式创新具有显著正向影响;创业导向对商业模式创新具有显著正向影响;创业导向在高管团队跨界行为与商业模式创新之间起显著中介作用。研究结论可为企业突破资源约束推进商业模式创新提供理论参考和实践借鉴。     

A comparative static analysis of tax incidence

The model presented by Harberger (1962) in his famous article has received a good deal of attention from economists concerned with the incidence of taxes in a general equilibrium setting. Through problems posed by using the Harberger model have been frequently pointed out by several authors, no attempt has been made to generalize the model to deal adequately with the tax incidence problem. This paper aims to follow a new method of conducting a comparative static analysis of tax incidence, and to extend the results derived by earlier contributions in a more general context.     

基于技术创新扩散环境的Bass扩散模型修正研究

对技术创新扩散环境进行了界定和分类,并就环境因素对技术创新扩散的影响进行了分析,得出由于环境的不确定性决定了技术创新扩散轨迹的不稳定性的结论。在此基础上,从环境因素的影响入手,分别对基本的Bass模型和扩展的Bass模型进行了修正,并对新模型的性质进行了分析。     

商业模式创新与技术创新共演下企业能力升级——吉利汽车纵向案例研究

对汽车行业后发企业吉利汽车进行纵向单案例研究,深入分析制造企业通过商业模式创新与技术创新共演实现能力升级的内在机理。结果表明：①商业模式创新与技术创新共同演化对企业能力升级具有积极影响,其中,效率性商业模式创新与市场导向技术创新之间的互动能够推动企业能力升级,互补性、锁定性和新颖性商业模式创新与市场导向、技术导向技术创新之间的互动均对企业能力升级具有积极作用,但效率性导向与技术导向之间的互动会对能力升级产生抑制作用;②能力升级效果也会对二者的导向选择产生反馈影响,促进共演过程向有助于能力升级的方向发展;③对大型制造企业而言,在发展初期,效率性商业模式创新与市场导向技术创新相结合的方式有利于企业能力积累。在发展后期,随着互补性、锁定性和新颖性商业模式创新增加并与技术导向创新相结合,更能实现创新能力提升。     

商业模式创新与技术创新共演下企业能力升级——吉利汽车纵向案例研究

对汽车行业后发企业吉利汽车进行纵向单案例研究，深入分析制造企业通过商业模式创新与技术创新共演实现能力升级的内在机理。结果表明：①商业模式创新与技术创新共同演化对企业能力升级具有积极影响，其中，效率性商业模式创新与市场导向技术创新之间的互动能够推动企业能力升级，互补性、锁定性和新颖性商业模式创新与市场导向、技术导向技术创新之间的互动均对企业能力升级具有积极作用，但效率性导向与技术导向之间的互动会对能力升级产生抑制作用；②能力升级效果也会对二者的导向选择产生反馈影响，促进共演过程向有助于能力升级的方向发展；③对大型制造企业而言，在发展初期，效率性商业模式创新与市场导向技术创新相结合的方式有利于企业能力积累。在发展后期，随着互补性、锁定性和新颖性商业模式创新增加并与技术导向创新相结合，更能实现创新能力提升。     

Use of mathematical models in automotive transportation policy analysis: A case study

Mathematical models are used widely in automotive transportation policy analysis. The limitations, benefits, and uses of a case-study model, the Sweeney Passenger Car Gasoline Demand Model, were examined. It was found that because of users' lack of awareness of the model's characteristics, the model has sometimes been misused, although the misuse appears to have had no major negative policy impact. However, the model use has had some impact on major automotive/energy policy decisions of the 1970s. Involvement by the model author in applications of the model contributed to effective use of the model in the policy process.     

On Estimating the Size of the Shadow Economy

As long as it is employed cautiously enough, the model approach is a useful tool to estimate simultaneously the size and the development of the shadow economy in several countries. However, a second method is necessary to calibrate the model. The currency demand approach can lead to highly implausible results; the size of the shadow economy might be largely overestimated. An alternative is the survey method. For real tests of whether a variable has an impact, procedures are necessary that do not use the same variables as those used to construct the indicator. Thus, to make progress in analysing the shadow economy, the model approach has a role to play, but it has to be complemented by other methods employing different data. The currency demand approach cannot be used as long as it employs the same variables for its constructions.