高科技企业创新问题比较研究——以苹果公司和三星公司为例

本文分析了苹果公司和三星公司创新的特点和支撑条件,苹果公司的创新特点主要表现为:消费者导向、基于价值链的集成、开放式创新、少而精的产品策略等;创新支撑条件主要是:鼓励创新的文化、优秀创新人才、创新领导力、严格要求、创意激发.三星公司的创新特点主要表现为:长期的技术积累、注重核心及关键技术创新、完整的产品线、流程创新、速度取胜;创新支撑条件主要是:创新文化和领导力、优秀的研发人才、全球性研发网络、高研发投入.在此基础上,本文从创新能力的获取、创新地位、创新程度、创新战略、产品策略、创新方式、创新利益实现、研发和领导人作用等方面对两个公司在创新方面的异同之处进行了系统比较,并总结了苹果公司和三星公司的创新给予中国企业的启示.     

Recursive structure and equilibria in games with private monitoring

Summary. In each stage of a repeated game with private monitoring, the players receive payoffs and privately observe signals which depend on the players' actions and the state of world. I show that, contrary to a widely held belief, such games admit a recursive structure. More precisely, I construct a representation of the original sequential problem as a sequence of static games with incomplete information. This establishes the ground for a characterization of strategies and, hence, of behavior in interactive-decision settings where private information is present. Finally, the representation is used to give a recursive characterization of the equilibrium payoff set, by means of a multi-player generalization of dynamic programming. Received: February 11, 2002; revised version: July 22, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" I am very grateful to In-Koo Cho, Larry Epstein, Denis Gromb, Stephen Morris, Paolo Siconolfi, Lones Smith and Max Stinchcombe for several insights and suggestions. A referee's comments helped improving the exposition. Finally, I wish to thank the participants to the seminars at MEDS, NYU, Columbia University, Caltech, UCLA, University of Rochester, University of Texas-Austin, Northwestern Summer Microeconomics Conference 98, Summer in Tel Aviv 98, and NASM98.     

平台到底是什么——基于分工与协调视角

以技术管理、战略管理、产业组织和生态系统为代表的研究视角,对平台本质的限制性理解直接导致学术界对平台到底是什么存在异议,将平台本质限制性理解为特定情境的平台功能是导致上述问题的根本原因。突破现有研究视角局限,引入分工与协调视角,对平台本质特征进行阐释是解决这个问题最好方案。在梳理平台本质特征的基础上,认为平台是一个以共享界面和接口为黏合剂的互补性自治主体进行分工与协调的元组织。通过解决平台本质研究中存在的争议与问题,揭示平台到底是什么,进而深化对平台的理解及在现实中的应用。     

市场经济下铁路企业物资管理探讨

物资管理是一门科学,它需要专业化的管理。为此,铁路企业的做法是:建立企业内部物资管理人才中心,不断根据形势的发展需要进行培训,提高人才的专业素质,强化责任意识。加强物资计划管理,努力降低物资供应成本,健全规章制度,明晰岗位责任。实施激励和奖惩机制,再造物资管理流程,强化供应链的管理,提高物流效率。实现了物资采购、储存、供应、使用、结算相互监督,相互管控的管理模式,避免了徇私舞弊现象,改进了服务质量。对铁路企业管理的创新,优化起到了事半功倍的作用,为铁路企业管理规范化、科学化和现代化建设奠定了坚实的基础。     

Topologies of social interactions

Summary. The paper extends the Brock-Durlauf social interactions model to richer social structures modelled with arbitrary interaction topologies and examines in detail the star, the wheel and the path. It explores Nash equilibria when agents act on the basis of expectations over, and, alternatively, actual knowledge their neighbors’ decisions. It links social interactions with econometrics of systems of simultaneous equations. The local dynamics near steady states combine spectral properties of the adjacency matrix and of the nonlinearities of reaction functions. For regular interaction topologies, adjustment exhibit relative persistence. Cyclical interaction is associated with endogenous spatial oscillations and islands of conformity.Received: 12 August 2004, Revised: 20 May 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: C35, C45, C00, D80.I am grateful to a referee and the editor for very insightful comments and suggestions, and to the National Science Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for generous research support. I thank Frank Alexander, Costas Azariadis, Kenneth J. Arrow, Jean-Pierre Aubin, Rob Axtell, Marcelo Bianconi, Larry Blume, Buz Brock, Marcelo Coca-Perraillon, Steven Durlauf, Glenn D. Ellison, Roland Fryer, Hans Haller, Anna Hardman, Alan Kirman, Alexandros Kyrtsis, Chuck Manski, Costas Meghir, Sharun Mukand, Lynne Pepall, Apostolis Philippopoulos, Danny T. Quah, Bertrand Roehner, Jose A. Scheinkman, Adriaan Soetevent, Dimitri Vayanos, Peyton Young, Gerard Weisbuch, Jeff Zabel and other participants in presentations of earlier versions at the joint Brookings and MacArthur Research Network on Social Interactions and Economic Inequality, the Athens University of Economics and Business, the University of Texas-Austin, ASSET 2001 in Rethymno, the Connectionist Complexity Workshop, Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, 2003, and the North American meeting of the Econometric Society, San Diego, CA., 2004.     

试论区域科学学科体系

根据系统论的观点，本文构建了一种区域科学的学科体系框架，将区域科学的研究内容分为对要素的研究、对子系统的研究、对分系统的研究、对系统整体的研究、对系统间联系的研究和对系统调控的研究六个方面；将区域科学的学科属性归为应用地理学，并对区域科学与相关学科的关系进行了初步的讨论。本文的研究对建立和完善区域科学理论体系有一定的借鉴作用。     

The determinacy of equilibrium in economies of overlapping generations

We study the problem of uniqueness of equilibrium paths in the overlapping generations model. We show that, despite local calculation based on counting equations and unknowns, the equilibrium path may be unique. We do this by constucting an example of an economy of overlapping generations with just one equilibrium up to time shift, beside the steady states. Time is either discrete or continuous; in either case, it extend into the infinite future and, possibly, the infinite past. There is one, non-storable commodity at each date. The economy is stationary; intertemporal preferences are logarithmic; the endowments and discount factors of individuals need not depend continuously on time. With continuous time, equilibrium paths of prices are smooth; this, even for endowments and discount factors of individuals that do not depend continuously on time. With discrete time, as the number of periods in the life-span of individuals increases, equilibrium paths converge to the continuous time solutions. If time extends infinitely into the infinite past as well as into the infinite future, in continuous time, all non-stationary equilibrium paths of prices are time-shifts of a single path; in addition, there are two stationary solutions; in discrete time, there is a one dimensional family of non-stationary solutions, up to time-shift; however, the indeterminacy vanishes as the number of periods in the life span of individuals tends to infinity. If, alternatively, time has a finite starting point, in discrete time the degree of indeterminacy increases with the life-span of individuals, and, in continuous time, it is infinite; however, these are families of exponentially decreasing oscillations which, although they may exhibit pseudo-chaotic behaviour for a while, as time tends to infinity they all get damped, and asymptotic behaviour is that of the economy that originates in the infinite past. Stefano Lovo made interesting comments.     

聚集经济视角下城市发展问题研究

我国目前正处于城市化的加速时期,城市发展面临着严峻的挑战.中国城市普遍存在着显著的聚集经济效应,本文从城市聚集经济的角度出发,首先分析了聚集经济效应的交互作用,由于城市化经济与地方化经济的交互作用导致了城市化过程.其次,对城市化运行的根本动力进行了分析,分别从产业推动力、农业剩余劳动力转移、制度与政策三个层面进行详尽的研究.在此基础上,提出我国城市化过程中存在的主要问题,体现在就业问题、农民利益保障问题、社会公共服务问题、公共安全管理问题以及资源环境问题五个方面,最后,针对城市化过程中存在的这些问题,并结合我国的实际情况,对我国未来城市发展提出了几点建设性意见,并希望能为今后城市的发展提供指导.     

Cost Savings From Generation and Distribution with an Application to Italian Electric Utilities*

In the last decade, the European Commission promoted a new regulatory framework aiming at a gradual liberalization of the energy markets. The introduction of competition among generators implies the need to separate generation from transmission and distribution activities. However, if savings can be reached by operating at different stages, vertical separation would increase the costs of providing power. This paper tests for the presence of economies from vertical integration on a sample of Italian local electric utilities and finds evidence of both multi-stage economies of scale and vertical economies. Even if the hypothesis of global subadditivity is not supported, our evidence suggests that a complete divestiture policy would entail efficiency losses. *For helpful comments and discussions, we thank two anonymous referees, Graziano Abrate, Bruno Bosco, Diego Piacentino, and participants at the 31st Annual Conference of the European Association for Research in Industrial Economics (EARIE), Berlin, Germany, 2–5 September, 2004, the 60th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF), Milan, Italy, 23–26 August, 2004, and seminars held at the Bocconi University, University of Lecce, University of Naples, University of Pavia, and University of Turin, where earlier versions of this paper were presented. The financial support of MIUR (COFIN 2002) and HERMES Research Center is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies. **HERMES, Center for Research on Regulated Services, Fondazione Collegio Carlo Alberto, Via Real Collegio 30, 10024 Moncalieri (TO), Italy, http://www.hermesricerche.it.     

心理资本对创业坚持的影响——内在动机与创业榜样的调节作用

创业坚持是创业成功的重要前提。作为复杂的决策行为,创业坚持受到多方面因素的共同作用。基于社会认知理论,探讨乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望等心理资本对创业坚持的影响,以及内在动机和创业榜样发挥的情境效应。通过对我国202名创业者进行问卷调查发现：创业者的乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望均能够显著促进其坚持创业;内在动机正向调节乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系;创业榜样对乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系发挥正向调节作用。将个体因素(心理资本和内在动机)与环境因素(创业榜样)纳入同一理论框架,讨论其对创业坚持的影响,以期为创业坚持研究提供新颖和全面的视角。     

SHORT REVIEWS

JOSEPH S. BERLINER, Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev Aldershot, Edward Elgar
WILLIAM J. BAUMOL AND WALLACE E. OATES, The Theory of Environmental Policy , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988
EAMONN BUTLER, Ludwig von Mises: Fountainhead of the Modern Microeconomics Revolution , Aldershot, Gower, 1988
F. A. HAYEK, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism , ed. W. W. Bartley III, London, Routledge, 1988
MICHAEL KEATING, The City That Refused to Die. Glasgow: the politics of urban regeneration , Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press
BRIAN TEW, The Evolution of the International Monetary System 1945–88 , London, Hutchison, 1988
BRIAN J. LOASBY, The Mind and Method of the Economist: Critical Appraisal of Major Economists in the Twentieth Century , Aldershot, Edward Elgar,
ERIC RASMUSEN, Games and Information: an Introduction to Game Theory , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989     

Population ageing,time allocation and human capital: A general equilibrium analysis for Canada

This study explores the long-term impact of population ageing on labour supply and human capital investment in Canada, as well as the induced effects on productive capacity. The analysis is conducted with a dynamic computable overlapping generations model where in the spirit of Becker [Becker, Gary (1965), A theory of the allocation of time, The Economic Journal, Vol. 75, pp. 493–517.] and Heckman [Heckman, James (1976), A life-cycle model of earnings, learning and consumption, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 84, pp. 511–544], leisure has a quality-time feature and labour supply and human capital investment decisions are endogenous. The role of human capital in the growth process is based on the framework used by Mankiw et al. [Mankiw, N. Gregory, Romer, David and Weil, David N. (1992), A contribution to the empirics of economic growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 407–437]. The paper indicates that population ageing creates more opportunities for young individuals to invest in human capital and supply more skilled labour at middle age. Consequently, the reduction in labour supply of young adults initially lowers productive capacity and exacerbates the economic costs of population ageing. However, current and future middle-age cohorts are more skilled and work more, which eventually raises productive capacity and significantly lowers the cost of population ageing. Finally, these results suggest that the recent increase in the participation rate of older workers might be the beginning of a new trend that will amplify over the next decades.     

Micro-meso-macro

Building on the ontology of evolutionary realism recently proposed by Dopfer and Potts (forthcoming), we develop an analytical framework for evolutionary economics with a micro-meso-macro architecture. The motive for reconception is to make clear the highly complex and emergent nature of existence and change in economic evolution. For us, the central insight is that an economic system is a population of rules, a structure of rules, and a process of rules. The economic system is a rule-system contained in what we call the meso. From the evolutionary perspective, one cannot directly sum micro into macro. Instead, we conceive of an economic system as a set of meso units, where each meso consists of a rule and its population of actualizations. The proper analytical structure of evolutionary economics is in terms of micro-meso-macro. Micro refers to the individual carriers of rules and the systems they organize, and macro consists of the population structure of systems of meso. Micro structure is between the elements of the meso, and macro structure is between meso elements. The upshot is an ontologically coherent framework for analysis of economic evolution as change in the meso domain - in the form of what we call a meso trajectory - and a way of understanding the micro-processes and macro-consequences involved. We believe that the micro-meso-macro analytical framework can greatly enhance the focus, clarity, and, ultimately, power, of evolutionary economic theory.JEL Classification: B0, C0, D0, E0, O0, P0Kurt Dopfer, John Foster, Jason Potts: We acknowledge to those who have discussed these ideas with us at the Schumpeter Society Conference, Gainesville US 2002; ECG seminars, UQ Economics, Brisbane (also students of ECON7900); Doctoral seminars at University of St. Gallen 2002, 2003; Wartensee Workshops on Evolutionary Economics 2001, 2002, 2003; the MPI in Evolutionary Economics, Jena; SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton; and the Brisbane Club Workshop, Manchester 2002. Our many discussants have helped us see our way through the muddled (and sometimes seriously muddled) thinking that had happened along the way, and especially when it was our own. So the usual disclaimer shall apply, although perhaps with unusual force. Special thanks also to G. Blind and K. Morrison.Correspondence to: Jason PottsDare we suggest a new category in the JEL classification - (S0) Meso Economics: General.     

Reviews

The Inner Suburbs. The Evolution of an Industrial Area. By B ernard B arrett . (Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1971)
Australia's Economic Policies. By B urgess C ameron . (Cheshire, Melbourne, 1971)
Agricultural Policy in Wealthy Countries. By G wyn J ames . (Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1971)
Australian Industrial Relations Systems. By K enneth F. W alker . (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970)
Impact of Uncertainty on Location. By M ichael J. W ebber . (Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1972)
Uncertainty and Expectations in Economics. Edited by C. P. C arter and J. L. F ord . (Blackwell, Oxford, 1972)
Prospek Perekonomian Indonesia 1972. Edited by S uhdadi M angkusuwondo , S. J. J osdono , M oh A ushad . (Institute of Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, Djakarta, 1972)
The Prediction of Profitability and other Studies of Company Behaviour. By G eoffrey W hittington . (Cambridge University Press for the University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economies, 1971)
Take-Overs, Their Relevance to the Stock Market and the Theory of The Firm. By A jit S ingh . (Cambridge University Press for the University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economies, 1971)
The Labour Government's Economic Record 1964-1970. Edited by W ilfred B eckerman . (Duckworth, London, 1972)
The British Prices and Incomes Board. By A llan P els . (Cambridge University Press for the University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economics, 1972)
An Economic Study of the City of London. Edited by J ohn H. D unning and E. V ictor M organ , (George Allen & Unwin, London, 1971)     

射阳县沿海滩涂资源的开发利用研究

沿海滩涂不仅是一种重要的后备土地资源,而且还蕴藏着丰富的水产、陆生生物、港口、淡水、再生能源、矿产、旅游等资源,具有巨大的开发潜力。江苏省射阳县现有沿海滩涂面积674．6km^2,目前还在以每年2．2km^2的速度淤涨。建国以来,滩涂开发大致经历了粗放利用、传统利用和综合利用3个阶段,取得了显著成效,但仍存在一些问题,如潮间带利用率低,滩涂产业结构层次低下、规模小,基础条件差,科技水平低,以及缺乏统一的开发利用总体规划等。针对这些问题,建议：加强总体规划指导,合理开发利用;加快产业结构调整,培育主导产业;实施科技兴滩战略,提高开发效益。     

Ownership, Productivity Change, and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry

This paper investigates Chinese industrial productivity from 1980 to 1996. Results include series for foreign-linked, shareholding, and private enterprises. We find long-term productivity increase, with growth rates declining during the 1990's. Productivity outcomes outside the state and collective sectors are modest, with shareholding enterprises suffering productivity declines. The paper examines differences in marginal factor productivity across ownership types, considers the impact of business cycles on the interpretation of productivity trends, and documents a statistical relationship among the profitability of state enterprises, the relative productivity performance of state firms, and the entry of new firms outside the state sector.J. Comp. Econom., December 2000, 28(4), pp. 786–813. Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 5 Jianguomennei Street, Beijing, China 100732.     

Why is there money? Endogenous derivation of `money' as the most liquid asset: a class of examples

Summary. The monetary character of trade, use of a common medium of exchange, is shown to be an outcome of an economic general equilibrium. Monetary structure can be derived from price theory in a modified Arrow-Debreu model. Two constructs are added: transaction costs and market segmentation in trading posts (with a separate budget constraint at each transaction). Commodity money arises endogenously as the most liquid (lowest transaction cost) asset. Government-issued fiat money has a positive equilibrium value from its acceptability for tax payments. Scale economies in transaction cost account for uniqueness of the (fiat or commodity) money in equilibrium. Received: February 15, 2002; revised version: August 12, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" This paper has benefited from seminars and colleagues' helpful remarks at the University of California - Santa Barbara, University of California - San Diego, NSF-NBER Conference on General Equilibrium Theory at Purdue University, Society for the Advancement of Behavioral Economics at San Diego State University, Econometric Society at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, SITE at Stanford University-2001, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Midwest Economic Theory Conference at the University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign, University of Iowa, Southern California Economic Theory Conference at UC - Santa Barbara, Midwest Macroeconomics Conference at University of Iowa, University of California - Berkeley, European Workshop on General Equilibrium Theory at University of Paris I, Society for Economic Dynamics at San Jose Costa Rica, World Congress of the Econometric Society at University of Washington, Cowles Foundation at Yale University. It is a pleasure to acknowledge comments of Henning Bohn, Harold Cole, James Hamilton, Mukul Majumdar, Harry Markowitz, Chris Phelan, Meenakshi Rajeev, Wendy Shaffer, Bruce Smith, and Max Stinchcombe.     

创新政策制定的跨部门协调机制

国家创新能力是衡量一个国家发展水平的重要指标，创新政策是提升国家创新能力的重要手段，多部门推出的创新政策“组合拳”关乎国家创新能力的命脉。因此，实现多部门协同创新即跨部门协调合作显得至关重要。中美两国最初以不同方式组建了国家创新体系，美国以市场为导向，中国以政府为导向，其结果是美国形成了“官产学研用”创新模式，中国仍停留在“官产学研”阶段。在创新政策制定过程中，美国形成了“制衡-合作”的跨部门协调主导模式，中国形成了“等级-线性”的跨部门协调主导模式。对比研究发现，中国国家创新体系存在创新转化能力弱的问题，而跨部门协调存在协调范围窄、协调方式单一、协调时效性滞后、协调不规范、主体间协调沟通机制不健全等问题。