汇率波动、汇率传递与贸易条件

本币升值一定会改善贸易条件吗?文章基于汇率传递的视角,构建汇率波动与贸易条件的理论模型,从理论上论证了本币升值改善贸易条件的机制和条件;并运用MS-VAR模型对中国2005年1月至2014年11月的月度数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明,在不同区制下人民币实际有效汇率指数波动对贸易条件影响的方向和大小呈现明显的非对称性。进一步的非线性Granger因果关系检验发现,仅存在由人民币实际有效汇率指数到贸易条件的单向因果关系。     

“三元悖论”与人民币汇率制度选择

“三元悖论”从宏观上揭示货币政策独立性、汇率稳定、资本自由流动三大金融目标之间的相互制衡关系, 是汇率制度选择问题的一个基本理论分析工具。我国现行的汇率制度实质上是钉住美元的固定汇率制,在金融进一步开放的背景下,其弊端日益凸现,改革现行的汇率制度势在必行。我国现实经济条件决定了我国汇率制度改革的近期目标只能是建立汇率目标区,长期目标则是建立浮动汇率制。     

Exchange Rate Regime,Real Exchange Rate,Trade Flows and Foreign Direct Investments: The Case of Morocco

Abstract: We study the behavior of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) of the dirham against the European currencies (the EU15), over the period 1960–2000 (annual data). We measure the volatility using standard deviation, and the misalignments as the difference between the actual REER and the equilibrium REER (the NATREX model). We show that a rise in the volatility of the dirham reduces the trade flows (exports and imports). The misalignments also affect the trade flows: an overvaluation leads to a reduction in Morocco exports, to an increase in Morocco imports, and globally to a deterioration of the trade balance with the European Union. On the other hand, neither the volatility nor the misalignments have an effect on foreign direct investment in favor of Morocco.     

生产率差异、定价决策与企业层面的汇率传递效应

文章以企业异质性理论为基础,从出口制造业企业微观定价的角度,借助于中国工业企业数据库和中国海关统计数据库的匹配数据,基于企业层面研究我国制造业出口企业的汇率不完全传递效应,分析我国制造业出口企业层面的汇率传递效应高低。在此基础上,文章进一步考察了企业层面的全要素生产率差异的影响,利用中国制造业企业出口价格水平来研究不同生产效率企业汇率传递效应的异同,探求企业生产效率与汇率波动情况之间的关联。     

我国汇率传递的非线性特征分析

本文基于汇率传递的理论模型,运用非线性平滑转换回归模型研究了人民币名义有效汇率变动对我国通货膨胀的影响,并且使用动态非线性Granger因果关系检验确认了两者间的单向因果关系。研究结果表明:人民币名义有效汇率对通货膨胀存在负向影响,但汇率传递系数存在显著的非线性特征,在较高的通货膨胀区间,人民币名义有效汇率传递系数较高;在较低的通货膨胀区间,人民币名义有效汇率传递系数迅速下降。     

A Survey of Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Asia

Exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) refers to the transmission of exchange-rate changes into import (export) prices of goods in the destination-market currency as well as into aggregate domestic prices. This paper examines the analytical and empirical literature on ERPT with particular reference to Asia. It is generally believed that Asian economies are potentially susceptible to ERPT into domestic inflation since they are highly trade-dependent. Particular attention is paid to production sharing—a key characteristic of Asian trade—and its implications for ERPT.     

人民币汇率制度改革对东亚国家汇率制度博弈格局的影响分析

人民币汇率制度正朝着更加灵活的方向上发展，这不可避免地将对东亚集体钉住美元的汇率制度产生破解作用。因为人民币在东亚汇率稳定中作用日益加强，人民币汇率制度改革的方向对东亚其他各国汇率制度改革有着重大的追随效应。     

Nonlinear Exchange Rate Pass-Through: The Role of National Debt

This study uses the panel smooth transition regression model with a debt ratio as the transition variable to evaluate the level of exchange rate pass-through. This model can investigate the threshold effect of the debt ratio on the pass-through. To perform the empirical estimation, we choose the 22 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries during 1994–2013 as sample objects. The empirical results show that the exchange rate pass-through displays a nonlinear and smooth transition process, depending on each period of debt ratio of the export country in different regimes. That is, the pass-through is nonlinear and varies with time and across countries. The larger the debt ratio is, the lower the pass-through would be. The threshold for the pass-through to generate smooth regime switching is 36.62% of debt ratio.     

汇率传递效应与宏观经济冲击对通货膨胀的影响分析

运用递归的VAR模型,本文经验估计了人民币名义有效汇率变动对国内消费者价格指数和工业品出厂价格指数及其分类指数的传递效应;同时考察了其他宏观经济冲击对国内物价水平的影响。结论表明:在我国,汇率的传递效应不显著;汇率变动对工业品出厂价格指数及其分类指数的影响,显著大于对消费者价格指数及其分类指数的影响;不同行业的汇率传递效应存在显著差别;供给冲击是导致工业品价格指数变化的主要因素,而实际需求冲击是导致消费者价格变化的主要因素。     

金融危机与汇率制度的选择

在发展中国家汇率制度改革问题上,两极论已成为国际学术界的主流观点。然而,一些学者对这一观点的合理性一直持怀疑态度。90年代以来,采用两极汇率制度国家的增加为两极论提供了有利依据,但另一方面,一些名义上采用自由浮动汇率制的国家仍然频繁干预外汇市场的行为,又为两极论提供了不利证据。针对这一现象,一些学者认为,在IMF和美国政府的压力下,一些国家不得不采用名义上的自由浮动汇率制,但这并不意味着发展中国家真正放弃了中间汇率制度选择。     

Implications of Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Nontradable Goods for International Policy Cooperation

This paper investigates the welfare consequences of international policy cooperation by simultaneously introducing the following three elements in a standard two-country general equilibrium model: (i) general degrees of exchange rate pass-through, (ii) nontradable goods and their sector-specific productivity shocks, and (iii) general weights on goods in Cobb–Douglas consumption indices. There are two channels for possible mutual welfare gains from policy cooperation: First, cooperation can compensate for insufficient changes in the terms of trade when the degree of exchange rate pass-through is intermediate. Second, countries can cooperate in reaction to shocks in the nontradable goods sectors. This second channel is revealed by deriving an analytical condition for welfare gains under full pass-through and this condition is characterized by the weights in the consumption indices and the variances of sector-specific productivity shocks. Numerical evaluation demonstrates that when the two countries are symmetric and equal weights on consumption goods are assumed, welfare gains from cooperation increase as symmetric pass-through elasticity increases, which implies that the second channel dominates the first, whose effect on welfare gains is nonmonotonic in pass-through elasticity.     

钉住制度与比索危机

从墨西哥债务危机(1982年)到墨西哥金融危机(1994年)的12年间,三届墨西哥政府尽管都致力于坚决、快速的经济自由化和贸易自由化,但是,到1994年12月20日,即塞迪略宣誓就任总统后,墨西哥依然维持着僵化的钉住美元制度。比索长期高估,削弱了墨西哥的出口竞争力,造成经常帐户巨额逆     

Price Rigidity and the Selection of the Exchange Rate Regime

We evaluate and qualify Friedman's, 1953, “case for flexible exchange rates” in the presence of sticky prices in a two country model. We find that a flexible regime performs indeed better when the degree of nominal price rigidity is high while a bilateral peg does better when prices are fairly flexible. This result obtains independent of whether monetary policy is activistic or not and is mostly due to the negative relationship between employment and productivity shocks when prices are relatively sluggish (Gali, 1999). A unilateral peg tends to produce the lowest level of world welfare but it sometimes represents the best monetary arrangement for the pegger. JEL Classification Numbers: E32, E52, F33, F42     

人民币汇率变动的进口价格传递效应——基于贸易方式的实证研究

汇率传递是汇率变动与其经济影响的中间环节,进口价格传递弹性在很大程度上决定了汇率变动对进口的影响大小。本文利用分布滞后模型、协整、向量自回归等方法,研究了三种主要贸易方式的进口价格对人民币汇率变动的传递。结果显示,进料加工进口价格的传递弹性要大于一般贸易。在其他条件不变的情形下,人民币升值对进料加工进口的促进作用明显大于一般贸易;而来料加工装配进口受人民币升值影响比较有限,更主要受世界需求、国内劳动力成本等影响。     

What Exchange Rate Regime Should China Follow

Exchange rate policy is one of the most important macroeconomic policy challenges for developing countries such as China. Should China continue to maintain a fixed exchange rate of the Chinese currency the Renminbi （RMB）, or should the exchange rate become more flexible？ The author argues that China should not apply extreme forms of fixed or floating exchange rare regimes, but should consider a crawling band intermediate exchange regime.     

人民币汇率机制的前景

一、中国的人民币汇率机制1994年实行汇率并轨以来,为保持汇率稳定,保持国际收支的平衡.中国实行以市场供求为基础的、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率。企业必须把出口、服务贸易收汇出售给国家,资本项目的     

Exchange Rate Volatility and International Trade

The purpose of this note is to show that a positive effect of exchange rate volatility on export production has a theoretical basis. The key to this claim is that, as the exchange rate volatility increases, so does the value of the real option to export to the world market. Higher volatility increases the potential gains from trade. This may explain part of the mixed empirical findings regarding the effects of exchange rate risk on international trade.     

升值压力、汇率预期与中美贸易余额

汇率升值对贸易收支的影响效果会因相应的升值预期变化而抵消,所以在升值预期持续存在的条件下,单纯的升值并不能平衡贸易收支。汇率预期受升值压力影响,而中美贸易顺差的扩大是升值压力的重要来源,从而形成一种经济循环:中美贸易顺差增加升值压力,升值压力加强升值预期,升值预期进一步扩大贸易顺差。     

人民币汇率变动对中欧出口价格的传递效应

本文探讨了人民币升值对向欧元区出口价格的汇率传递效应及其对中欧贸易顺差的调节作用。作者利用1999年1月至2006年12月的月度数据,在SITC一位数商品分类层面上,考察了人民币/欧元汇率变动对中国向欧元区出口价格的影响。实证结果显示,不同类商品的出口价格汇率传递弹性存在较大差异,汇率变动引起中国向欧元区出口价格较大幅度的调整,人民币升值对占中欧出口总额一半以上的第6类和第7类商品出口没有抑制作用。因此,人民币升值对中欧贸易顺差的调节作用有限。