Entry Facilitation by Environmental Groups

We consider a model of vertical product differentiation where consumers care about the environmental damage their consumption causes. An environmental group is capable of increasing consumers’ environmental concern via a costly campaign. We show that the prospect of such a campaign can induce entry by a firm that is able to employ a cleaner technology than the one used by the incumbent. We further demonstrate that the subsequent competition can lead to an adverse effect on aggregate pollution, i.e. the decline in average industry pollution per product is offset by the increase in aggregate production.      

基于产品质量策略性行为的进入壁垒研究

本文从产品纵向差异的角度出发,研究了垄断厂商为构建进入壁垒在选择产品质量方面所采取的策略性行为。通过采用一个扩展式博弈,分析了在位者和潜在进入者的质量选择行为所形成的各种产品质量组合及其支付。研究发现,在位者可以通过一部分研发投资,抢先承诺提供多档次质量的产品,填补消费者的需求空间,减少潜在进入者的期望收益,使其做出不进入的决定。所以,在位者在产品质量方面的策略性行为就构成了进入壁垒。     

基于客户价值导向的高校专利运营研究

高校专利技术管理的快速发展和不断创新要求从一个全新的视角对其有了更系统的了解.目前对高校专利的研究主要集中在专利成果转化方面,而社会的市场化要求我们必须把高校作为一个运营主体去研究高校在市场中面对特殊的客户如何运营专利,从而提高专利的转化实施率.本文首先对国内外学者的研究作了梳理,总结了研究成果及不足;接着分析了我国高校专利转化的现状及问题,在充分分析客户价值的基础上构建了高校专利运营模式;最后,在此基础上对基于客户价值的高校专利运营进行了初步探讨.     

‘To sell or not to sell’: Licensing versus selling by an outside innovator

We study various modes of technology transfer of an outside innovator in a spatial framework when the potential licensees are asymmetric. In addition to different licensing options, we also look into the option of selling the property rights of innovation and find the optimal mode of technology transfer. For licensing we find the optimal policy is to offer pure royalty contracts to both licensee firms when cost differentials between the firms are relatively small compared to the transportation cost, otherwise offer a fixed fee licensing contract to the efficient firm only. Interestingly, we show the innovator is always better-off selling the innovation to any one of the firms who further licenses it to the rival firm. The result holds irrespective of the size of the innovation (drastic or non-drastic) and the degree of cost asymmetry between the licensees. Social welfare is greater under selling than licensing.     

3D打印技术的管理特征及企业发展思路

文章依据新兴技术管理理论,以3D打印技术为研究对象,从技术特点和产业特征入手,具体围绕技术科学基础、技术本身、技术市场、商业环节及新兴技术角度这五个重要方面,分析和归纳3D打印技术典型的管理特征,同时应用理论分析和案例分析方法,提出我国企业现阶段发展3D打印技术的思路,主要包括运用现有技术,依托或脱胎高校突破现存“技术簇”,实现领先。同时,实现市场准确定位,精准进入3D打印技术商业环节,最后,3D打印企业走“两手抓”发展思路。本研究对不断探寻管理3D打印技术的规律及促进3D打印技术可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Entry costs and cross-country differences in productivity and output

This paper contributes to the literature on cross-country income differences by studying the effect of entry barriers on productivity and output. Using instrumental variable regressions I show that higher entry costs significantly reduce output per worker and that they do so by lowering total factor productivity. In particular, an increase in entry costs by 80% of income per capita, which is one half of their standard deviation in my sample, is estimated to decrease total factor productivity and output per worker by 22% and 29%, respectively.      

Choice and design of regulatory instruments in the presence of green consumers

Using a vertically differentiated product model, this paper examines welfare implications of various government policies in a situation where consumers are environmentally discerning. It studies ad valorem taxes/subsidies and emission taxes. The optimal policy depends on the magnitude of damage parameter associated with environmental externality. For a given distribution of tastes and preferences, as the damage parameter increases from a low to a high value, the optimal policy shifts from an ad valorem tax to an ad valorem subsidy. It also shows that for a sufficiently low damage parameter, an ad valorem tax dominates an emission tax.     

专利特征对加入专利池的影响——基于MPEG LA的实证研究

什么特征的专利更容易加入专利池？以MPEGLA专利池内1073件专利与池外1073件控制专利为样本,实证研究专利技术范围、权利与地域范围、审批与维持时间、前向与后向引用对加入专利池的影响。结果表明,技术和地域覆盖范围越广,维持时间越长,专利引用与被引数次越多,越有可能加入专利池;专利审批时间越长,非专利文献引用越多,越难加入专利池;权利要求范围对专利能否入池无显著影响。研究结论对企业专利文件撰写、专利入池申请及专利池管理机构开展专利评估具有重要意义。     

当代专利制度改革的理论思潮:劫持论与反向劫持论

专利劫持论者指责专利权人基于劣质专利,选择事后主张,以诉讼相威胁,达到敲竹杠的目的;专利反向劫持论者则强调专利权人的委屈,制造业巨头们无视独立发明人或小企业主的权利主张,恣意免费使用专利技术,专利劫持和反向劫持之间似乎有着不可协调的矛盾。当前专利钓饵不断兴风作浪,将大量发明者推向专利流氓阵营。因此,既要反对专利劫持,又要避免走向反向专利劫持。专利制度改革应该综合两者观点,通过降低专利实施中交易成本、信息不对称和不确定性来维护专利制度的正当性。     

Valuation of patents in emerging economies: a renewal model-based study of Indian patents

ABSTRACT

This study uses patent renewal information to estimate the private value of patents. Patent value refers to the economic reward that the inventor extracts from commercialising the patented invention. Our empirical analysis comprises 555 patents with applications filed between 1999 and 2002. The term of these patents either ended in 2018 or lapsed due to non-payment of the renewal fee. We model the renewal decision of patentee as ordered probit where patent renewal fee increases with the age of the patent. Variables, such as patent family size, technological scope, number of inventors and grant lag, are used as explanatory variables in the corresponding regression. Hence, this paper combines the patentee’s renewal decision along with patents’ characteristics and renewal cost schedule to estimate the initial rent distribution. We find that a large number of patents expire at an early stage leaving few patents with high value corroborating the results of studies using European, American and Chinese data. As expected, patents from certain technology class enjoy high valuation.     

Commentary. 'Work first': workfare and the regulation of contingent labour markets

The paper presents a critical review of UK and US welfare-to-workstrategies, stressing their implications for changing formsof labour regulation. The favoured policy orientation - 'workfirst' - forcefully redistributes the risks and burdens of job-marketinstability from the state to unemployed individuals, the solutionto whose 'welfare dependency' is presented in terms of a one-waytransition into (low) waged work. At a systemic level, the analysissuggests that a regressive regulatory accommodation may be emergingbetween mandatory welfare-to-work programming on the one handand the lowest reaches of deregulated, 'flexible' labour marketson the other, as the destabilisation of welfare via work-activationmeasures creates a forced labour supply for contingent jobs.     

A heuristic procedure to identify the most valuable chain of patent priority network

In this study, we provide support for the argument that patents are at their maximum value at those times when they are under litigation. We develop a heuristic procedure to determine the way in which such patents under litigation form a network of patent family members, and then go on to examine the priority patents involved. We subsequently attempt to develop a simple procedure to further identify both the ‘critical’ and ‘significant’ chains within our proposed patent priority network. We suggest that the ‘critical’ and ‘significant’ chains that are created within the above network provide companies with important information which will ultimately provide them with valuable support for the subsequent decision of their patent portfolio strategies.     

美国专利主张实体合法性检视及中国的应对策略

专利主张实体（PAE）是基于美国专利制度缺陷而产生的一种专利商业化经营实体,其通过有目的地收购专利,以主张权利和提起诉讼为手段,获得高额许可费或和解费用。PAE本身并不违法,但其在运营中可能会限制竞争并抑制创新,这些行为构成非法。通过分析PAE运营中可能涉及的不合法行为,借鉴美国应对PAE的策略和举措,提出我国从3个方面着手防御和应对PAE：重视源头控制,通过完善我国专利制度,抑制PAE兴诉动力和能力;完善专利法和反垄断法,强化对PAE的事后规制;发挥政府宣传引导作用,全面提升企业自身应对能力,提前部署PAE应对策略。     

专利转化及相关基本概念辨析与思考

专利转化及专利实施、专利转移、专利产业化是专利运用研究中的基本概念,但这些概念的内涵与外延并不清晰,混淆概念的情况较为常见。基于现有文献研究,明晰专利转化的基本内涵,并且将专利转化与其它相关概念进行比较,认为专利转化强调专利技术物化结果,且专利技术形态发生质的变化;专利实施方式具体体现为制造、使用、许诺销售、销售、进口5种形态,但不排除随着技术发展将产生新的专利实施方式;专利技术从供方向受方定向流动;由专利技术带动规模效应即为专利产业化。     

所得、快乐与赋税:基于黄有光快乐经济学的审视

根据黄有光的快乐经济学,人们追求的最终目的是提高福利,因而经济学探讨的中心问题是福利或快乐.由于快乐是一种主观感受,因而GDP并不是衡量福利的一个有效指标.在现代社会中,生活品质不仅与私人品的消费有关,更与公共品的质量和数量有关.因此,在未来社会中,公共开支确实会且应该不断增长.为了应对不断增加的公共支出,政府就需要提高累进税,尤其是提高钻石商品的税收.     

Introduction to the Symposium

This file surveys recent contributions to auction theory and explores the implications they contain for future research in the field. I would like to express my deep appreciation to Roko Aliprantis for offering me the opportunity to edit this special collection of papers on auction theory, and for offering me support and guidance on numerous occasions along the way.