财政制度改革对中央与地方权力结构的影响——以财权和事权为视角

财权与事权的分配关系是中央与地方权力结构产生变化的重要内容。当前我国财政体制下,中央与地方财权和事权不匹配,出现了中央与地方事权与支出责任不清晰、地方财权和事权不对称、政治集权与经济分权的矛盾等现实问题。这些问题主要由事权的法律规定不明确、财权的过度集中、中央的权威性思考、晋升激励制度等原因所造成,建议合理划分事权与财权、公开事权和财权划分、转变政府之间交流方式以及转变地方政府责任方向,以期实现财权和事权的匹配和中央与地方权力结构的均衡。     

观念变革：中央与地方关系透视

本文对改革以来中央与地方间所形成的新关系进行了较为深刻的分析。作者认为,改革以来在中央与地方之间所出现的资源分配新格局,从根本上看,是商品经济发展的要求,那种基于一系列理论误区而产生的集中资源分配权的主张有悖于商品经济运行的原则。目前的资源分配格局并非完善无缺,它只是提供了进一步改革的基础,因此,建立权力均衡机制,中央和地方共同担负起协调经济发展的任务,应是我们未来的选择。     

分税制改革中中央与地方税收关系的探索

自1994年以来我国实施的分税制改革，取得了巨大成就，同时也存在不少总是，笔通过对现阶段中央与地方税收关系的分析，提出一些建设性意见。     

主体间性与制度规则

文章在简要介绍主体间性的内涵和制度形成及演化的基础上,着重讨论了主体间性对制度形成和演化的作用。认为主体间性是人们交互行为的基础,没有主体间性就没有制度,从主体间性出发的研究,是对制度演化分析的必要和有力的补充。     

县委书记眼中的中央与地方关系

本文在深度访谈与问卷调查的基础上,就县委书记强烈反映的中央与地方关系问题进行了实证分析,认为权力部门的条条化,使块块管理的调控能力大为削弱;在权力上收的同时,责任却层层下放,使权力与责任不对称的问题更加突出;在过多的职权部门垂直管理的情况下,发挥地方政府尤其是基层政府的积极性,难度较大.建议尽快改革现行的条块分割体制,减少行政层级,增强县乡基层政权的财政能力,形成权力与责任相匹配的运行机制.     

Resolving distributional conflicts between generations

Summary. We describe a new approach to the problem of resolving distributional conflicts between an infinite and countable number of generations. We impose conditions on the social preferences that capture the following idea: If preference (or indifference) holds between truncated paths for infinitely many truncating times, then preference (or indifference) holds also between the untruncated infinite paths. In this framework we use such conditions to (1) characterize different versions of leximin and utilitarianism by means of equity conditions well-known from the finite setting, and (2) illustrate the problem of combining Strong Pareto and impartiality in an intergenerational setting.Received: 8 May 2002, Revised: 12 June 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D63, Q01.Correspondence to: Geir B. AsheimWe thank Kaushik Basu, Marc Fleurbaey, David Miller, Tapan Mitra, Lars-Gunnar Svensson, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. Asheim gratefully acknowledges the hospitality of the Stanford University research initiative on the Environment, the Economy and Sustainable Welfare, and financial support from the Hewlett Foundation through this research initiative.     

Taxation, agency conflicts, and the choice between callable and convertible debt

We analyze debt choice in light of taxes and moral hazard. The model features an infinite sequence of nonzero-sum stochastic differential games between equity and debt. Closed-form expressions are derived for all contingent-claims. If equity can increase volatility without reducing asset drift, callable bonds with call premia are optimal. Although callable bonds induce risk shifting, call premia precommit equity to less frequent restructuring and are tax-advantaged. Convertible bonds mitigate risk shifting, but only induce hedging if assets are far from the default threshold. Convertibles are optimal only if risk shifting reduces asset drift sufficiently.     

Policies for the development of knowledge-intensive local production systems

Starting from the empirical literature concerning the analysisof industrial districts, this paper focuses on the importanceof industrial policies in supporting the development and consolidationof local production systems. Here, institutions and marketsare envisaged as equally important for long-term performance.The objective is to propose a conceptual framework for the formulationof public policies that places organisational learning at thecentre of interest.     

The value of rents and the likelihood of conflicts

This paper extends the prey–predator model of Grossman and Kim (J Political Econ 103:1275–1288, 1995) to analyze the relation between the value of a contested rent and the emergence of conflict. We show that an increase in the value of the rent makes a conflict equilibrium more likely. We also analyze the case where the valuation of the rent is different for the two players. We find, for example, that a conflict equilibrium may occur even though the predator has an important disadvantage in warfare. That is when his valuation of the rent is sufficiently high compared to that of the prey.

Resolving the unbiasedness and forward premium puzzles

There are two unresolved puzzles in the foreign exchange literature. The unbiasedness puzzle – the finding of a marked difference in the conclusion about the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis depending on whether the hypothesis is tested using the forward rate equation or forward premium equation, and the forward premium puzzle – the fact that more often than not the forward premium incorrectly predicts the direction of the subsequent change in the spot rate. This paper resolves both puzzles.     

Transfer payments from the central government to the local governments and the local governments' efforts on taxation: taking China as an example

The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments' efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments'payments, this paper indicates that the local governments'efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods. It increases with the increase of the elasticityλ.Judge the degree of the local government's efforts on taxation by measureλ. After an empirical analysis on the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments from 2000 to 2004, thins paper gets the conclusion that the local governments'efforts on taxation abates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local willing public payments. Under specific circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is, the smaller the local governments' efforts on taxation is under the central payments, whereas the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the eentral payments. Based on this. this paper gives the meanmg of its corresponding policies.     

浅谈亚洲象保护中人象冲突现象的实质及对策

对野生动物,尤其是濒危、珍贵野生动物实施保护是贯彻科学发展观,进行生态文明建设的需要.在争夺生存空间的人象冲突中,需要特别维护当地人的基本环境权利,而构建长效的生态效益补偿机制是根本性的出路.     

Cross-country evidence on the relationship between central banks and governments

The influence of government pressure on central bank behavior is examined for Canada, France, the U.K., and West Germany. With the budget deficit proxying for this pressure, there is evidence of an overall expansionary effect of the deficit on monetary policy response to stabilization objectives. Despite there otherwise being little consistency in the reaction functions estimated across the four countries, the marked tendency is for policy to become more accommodative at higher levels of the deficit. Hence, the results point to a potentially important regularity in the relationship between central banks and governments.     

On the asymptotic local stability of autonomous economic systems with nonnegativity conditions

A system of differential equations with nonnegativity conditions—a system of the type used to model price adjustment processes—is proved to be asymptotically locally stable if a subsystem without the nonnegativity conditions is asymptotically locally stable, provided a simple (mathematical) condition prevails.