浅析施工索赔

我国已加入WTO，建筑施工企业将更加踊跃地参加国内外建筑市场的竞争，将按国际通行的法律制度处理施工中遇到的问题，其中重要的一项是索赔问题。本论述了产生索赔的原因、索赔证据、索赔的程序，以及索赔的策略。     

浅谈施工企业的索赔管理与索赔技巧

索赔是法律和合同赋予的正当权利，施工企业应树立起索赔意识，重视索赔管理和索赔技巧。在当前的水电建筑市场处于买方市场，许多工程中标价远远低于实际工程造价。为了不亏损，施工企业应在保证工程质量和工程进度的前提下，持之以恒地搞好索赔工作，细化管理，控制成本，扭亏增赢。     

工程索赔管理和防范

工程索赔是一项涉及面广、学问颇深的专业技术。而在工程施工管理中能否及时、全面地发现潜在的索赔事件、控制索赔事件发生，是每位索赔工作人员的重责，所以索赔工作人员必须具有丰富的施工管理经验，熟悉施工中的各个环节，通晓各种建筑合约和建筑法规，并具有一定的财会知识，才能全方位地控制潜在的索赔事件。实际上，工程索赔事件存在于项目施工的全过程。本文结合自己多年来的工作经验，就施工索赔谈一些粗浅认识。     

水电工程索赔浅谈

水利水电工程施工过程中干扰事件多，索赔多。了解索赔的起因，掌握索赔的处理过程，有利于索赔获得成功。索赔是施工企业的合法权益，施工企业在施工中应善于预测、寻找、发现索赔机会，并做好资料的收集和整理工作，为索赔提供有利的证据，应用合理的合同条款，以保证索赔成功。同时，施工企业还应全面履行合同，以减少合同纠纷，避免反索赔，减少损失。搞好索赔工作，可以提高企业的经济效益，有利于企业的发展、壮大。     

浅议施工企业的索赔管理

索赔是合同管理的重要环节，是挽回成本损失的重要手段，索赔及其处理构成了合同管理体制的重要组成部分。施工索赔要得到成功首先要组建强有力的索赔班子，把索赔工作贯穿于施工管理的全过程，而且还要严格履行合同，加强项目成本控制和索赔文档的管理，建立档案，搞好事前控制、事后分析。施工企业应重视索赔人员的选拔和培养。承包商要以索赔来维护自己的正当权益，使企业得到应有的利润和经济损失的补偿。     

施工索赔信息网络体系

现代企业管理的核心是合同管理，作为水电施工企业，工程合同管理成为企业管理的重心，而工程合同管理的最前沿则是“索赔管理”。工程合同是施工企业的生存依据，索赔则是企业利益的捍卫。索赔项目首先来源于“索赔点”，怎样去发现索赔项目的根本点，而索赔项目的成败关键则在于“证据”（包括合同件、法律法规、施工基础资料等）。通过建立“索赔信息网络体系”，将有效地发现索赔点及搜集索赔证据。     

建筑工程施工索赔及方法

本文论述了建筑工程施工索赔的概念、重要性、策略、方法等。指出施工企业要正确、适当地运用索赔．而不能运用过度．以使施工企业既能运用索赔提高经济效益．又不因此丧失建筑市场，达到双赢。     

浅论水电施工企业的索赔管理

由于我国水电建设市场尚不规范，以及基于水利水电工程的特点，施工过程中存在着众多的风险因素，因此索赔是经常发生的，索赔管理是一种风险管理，也是施工单位维护其合法权益的手段。中国水利水电第四工程局在小浪底工程实施中，重合同，守信誉，确保工程质量和进度，也加强了索赔管理，对业主提出的索赔75%得到解决，达到了减亏增效的目的。     

浅谈水电工程项目建设中的施工索赔

施工索赔是指施工单位在合同实施过程中，对非自身原因造成的工期、费用增加而要求建设单位给予损失补偿的一种行为。在分析索赔产生原因的基础上，介绍了水电工程施工中索赔的一般程序和索赔的内容，以及索赔工期和费用的计算方法。     

浅谈工程项目投标策略与技巧

在竞争激烈的建筑市场上，施工企业可结合自身情况，在投标过程中合理采用低价策略、未来策略、生存策略、索赔策略、选择策略；并适当采用不平衡报价法、计日工报价等投标报价技巧，以便在投标竞争中取得成功。     

国际工程项目实施中的索赔实务

论述了国际工程项目管理中的工程承包索赔的类型和索赔理由，探讨了工程承包索赔的运作方法与技巧，通过实证分析，说明国际工程承包索赔的重要意义和可行性，具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于分布式的通用信号处理嵌入式软件架构

为了从根本上解决信号处理系统功能软件与硬件平台的解耦、在线重构、部署和升级问题,以信号处理嵌入式软件系统架构的新需求为牵引,分析了独立式架构、联合式架构和综合式架构等多种信号处理嵌入式软件系统架构的优缺点,提出了基于分布式的下一代通用信号处理嵌入式软件系统架构,研究了以信号预处理阵列、信号处理阵列、信息数据处理阵列和大容量存储阵列组成为主的硬件架构与以任务服务层、智能服务层、构件服务层和系统平台服务层组成为主的软件架构,解决了分布式通信中间件、多业务动态加载与灵活配置和异构处理器高效移植开发等关键性技术,实现了基于分布式的通用信号处理嵌入式软件架构。所提出的系统架构可扩展、可升级、可重构,快速提升系统性能,可满足不同的任务需求,面对复杂作战环境的适应能力强,能实现复杂电磁环境下电磁目标的智能感知。     

物流信息系统架构分析

针对当前GIS技术在物流信息系统中的应用现状进行了梳理,将当前的物流信息系统架构分为3类:基于C/S(client/server,客户机/服务器)模式的2层架构、基于B/S(browser/server,浏览器/服务器)的3层架构、基于GIS的4层架构。对各类系统架构的特征、共性问题(系统开发效率、系统的集成化)分别进行了梳理与归纳。通过解析可知,为了提高物流信息系统的效能,方案之一就是将物流信息理论和GIS理论进行深度结合,以弱化各类技术间的耦合性为突破口,研究基于GIS的新型物流信息系统架构。     

Innovation in product architecture—A study of the Chinese automobile industry

The purpose of this paper is to put forward the hypothesis that a transformation from closed integral architecture to quasi-open modular architecture contributes to the achievement of a low-cost competitive strategy by Chinese carmakers. The question, “What is quasi-open architecture in Chinese industry?” is addressed in the theoretical section, followed by the Geely case in the passenger car sector. Two perspectives form the basis of the analysis: that of the carmaker and that of its relationship with suppliers. The findings offer an insight into the competitive strategy of firms in emerging economies and some valuable observations concerning the “catching up” trajectory of Chinese firms.     

Cost management and cross-functional communication through product architectures

Product architecture decisions regarding, for example, product modularity, component commonality, and design re-use, are important for balancing costs, responsiveness, quality, and other important business objectives. Firms are challenged with complex tradeoffs between competing design priorities, face the need to facilitate communication between functional silos, and want to learn from past experiences. In this paper, we present a qualitative approach for systematically evaluating the product architecture of a product family, comparing the original architecture objectives and actual experiences.
The intended contribution of our research is threefold: (1) to present a framework that brings together a diverse set of product architecture-related decisions and business performance; (2) to provide a set of metrics that operationalise the variables in the framework, and (3) to provide a workshop protocol that is based on the framework and the metrics. This workshop aims to improve cross-functional communication about the product architecture of an existing product family, and it results in practical improvement actions for future architecture design projects. Experiences with this approach are reported in pilots with Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care, and Philips Consumer Electronics.     

The Influence of Digital Design and IT on Modular Product Architecture

The architecture of a product is the design and specification of inherent subsystems, components, and interfaces between subsystems. Well‐defined interfaces allow the development of standardized subsystems that may be shared across product lines, e.g., technology platforms. Past research shows the benefits of modular product architecture in terms of improving cost of goods through common components and materials as well as improving development time cycles for derivative products. Product architecture does not occur by accident; it must be engineered and implemented. This study explores the impact of digital design and information technology (IT) on the development of modular product architectures. Through an empirical study of 122 firms and follow‐up interviews with several respondents, we study the impact of digital design tools and IT infrastructure on the development of modular product architecture and overall project outcomes. The results indicate that a firm's IT infrastructure has a strong, significant relationship with the development of modular product architecture. The findings also show a strong, positive relationship between the development of modular product architecture and project outcomes. However, in contrast to the common perception that digital design tools enhance R&D productivity and effectiveness, we do not find a significant relationship between digital design tool usage and modular product architecture or overall project outcomes. The findings suggest that digital design tools and their organizational implementation need improvement in up‐front new product development phases.     

The Architecture Improvement Method: cost management and systemic learning about strategic product architectures

The architecture improvement method (AIM) is a method for multidisciplinary product architecture improvement, addressing uncertainty and complexity and incorporating feedback loops, facilitating trade-off decision making during the architecture creation process. The research reported in this paper demonstrates the ability of the AIM to contribute to cost management and systemic learning in the creation of strategic product architectures, throughout the entire product life cycle. Application of the method in five case studies within two divisions of Royal Philips Electronics shows that in cases of medium uncertainty, substantial cost management benefits can be achieved and that the AIM facilitates systemic learning through the accumulation of architectural competence, thus facilitating organizational memory.     

异构网络环境中点对点通信架构研究

基于协议分层和IP思想,设计了一种在异构网络环境下点对点通信的架构。首先描述了异构网络环境的通信特点,提出了软件的设计思路和软件架构,并结合实例对通信过程进行了分析。经测试,可以在简单的异构网络环境下实现点到点通信,更复杂的网络环境也可以在此架构上进行设计开发。     

Modularity, component outsourcing, and inter-firm learning

Modularization of product architectures is a strategy for managing complex design activities and production systems, and associated supply chain issues. It has wide-reaching implications, from design engineering to business strategy. With standardized interface specifications, component outsourcing is possible, both with respect to the division of tasks in functional specification and detailed engineering of a product architecture. However, failure at the system level could still take place if interface compatibility issues of the outsourced component with the rest of the system are not understood. Outsourcing creates a certain degree of supplier-buyer interdependence and possibilities for inter-firm learning. A study of Chrysler Jeeps WIPERs suggested that learning-by-failure from one product architecture cultivated closer cooperation between the supplier and Chrysler to solve technical problems as well as to be innovative in searching for the best technological solutions for future product architecture designs.