机构投资者影响下独立董事治理效率变化研究

本文采用面板数据模型（Panel Data）及混和截面数据模型（Pooling Data）考察了机构投资者对独立董事治理效率的实际影响.发现引入机构投资者后,独立董事治理效率发生显著的提升,而且在机构投资者长期持股的样本中,机构投资者持股比例与后一期独立董事比例显著正相关,从而证实了机构投资者在促进独立董事制度建设上的积极作用.本文研究结果的政策意义在于可以通过发展机构投资者,从而将建立独立董事制度的强制性要求变为市场效率的自觉要求,并且由此提高独立董事制度运行效率的新思路.     

民营上市公司股权结构与经营绩效的实证分析——以浙江省为例

作为公司产权基础的股权结构决定公司治理的有效性,进而决定公司的经营绩效.本文以浙江民营上市公司为样本,对股权结构与经营绩效的关系进行了实证分析.研究结果表明,法人股持股比例与公司绩效不存在明显的相关关系;第一大股东持股比例和赫芬达尔指数与公司绩效存在弱正相关,含有控股股东的股权结构与公司绩效存在正相关;流通股比例与公司绩效存在负相关;高管人员持股比例与公司绩效存在正相关.根据实证分析结果,本文提出了相应的政策建议.     

非政策性因素的独立董事形成机制实证研究

本文以面板数据模型为主要研究方法,考察非政策性的独立董事形成影响因素。本文实证结果及政策涵义可以归结如下:独立董事在国有控股公司中比例较低,在控股权发生变更时显著增加,说明了实现全流通除了有利于国有股减持外,也有利于市场接管机制作用的发挥;股权结构与独立董事比例关系的实证结果,显示在完成改制上市之后,下一步改革方向应当是降低控股股东的持股比例,同时增加其他大股东的持股比例;绩效变动是股东采取行动的一个因素,但股票价格波动对股东行动的影响很小,显示我国上市公司对一般投资者的关注还不充分;企业规模的扩大、销售收入的增长和资产负债率的上升也是独立董事比例增加的因素,间接反映了独立董事可能给企业带来潜在的外部资源。     

专家透视

中国“公司治理”存在六大问题著名经济学家吴敬琏在“民营企业发展论坛”上指出，中国的“公司治理”现存诸多弊端，可归纳为六大问题：一是股权结构不合理。上市公司大部分股权仍由政府持有，国有股和国有法人股占了全部股权的５４％，第二大股东的持股量与第一大股东相差悬殊；有国家背景的董事在董事会中占绝对优势，平均占董事人数的７５．５％。二是“授权投资人”制度。党政领导机关完全授权“授权投资机构”控制上市公司，不利于上市公司新体制的进一步完善，而且“授权投资机构”与上市公司关系不明晰，使母公司“掏空”上市公司的…     

非执行董事与公司绩效的实证研究

董事作为股东及其他利益相关者的信托人，其独立性是保证公司有效运作的重要基础。本文对上市公司1999年的数据进行了实证分析，结果表明非执行董事比例与公司绩效之间的正相关关系得到了检验。另外，本文还揭示出大股东（除第一大股东外）的存在有利于提高董事会的非执行董事比例，但是第一大股东持股比例与非执行董事比例是负相关的（这主要与第一大股东大多数是国家有关系）。行业对公司非执行董事比例的影响并不显著，但作为内生性的治理机制，非执行董事比例与两职状态表现出较好的一致性。     

多元化战略视角下的企业社会绩效驱动机制研究

基于战略视角考量企业社会绩效的形成机理,通过选取2000～2011年间沪深两市制造业上市公司数据分析表明,企业的社会绩效受多元化战略的影响,而多元化战略又受企业治理结构的影响,且多元化战略对企业社会绩效的影响受企业的短期财务导向和组织冗余的调节.具体地,产品多元化与地域多元化战略强化了企业社会绩效;而独立董事所占董事会比例会抑制产品多元化战略,财务杠杆越高、管理层持股比例越高则企业进行多元化的动机越强.并且,企业的短期财务导向越强则多元化战略对社会绩效的正向影响会减弱,而组织冗余资源越多则多元化战略对社会绩效的正向影响会增强.     

独立董事能否防范上市公司合谋：一项基于上市公司的经验证据

独立董事能否防范上市公司合谋,一直是一个有争议的话题。文章通过对我国78家受证监会公开处罚的制造业上市公司的实证分析,发现：独立董事获得报酬不能够抑制上市公司的合谋行为;独立董事人数与上市公司合谋行为之间没有明显的差异;独立董事的学历与上市公司合谋行为之间存在着正相关关系。为了抑制上市公司的合谋行为,保持其独立性,建议：禁止独立董事从上市公司那里获得报酬;在聘请专业人才作为独立董事方面,应该聘请一些既有专业技能又有时间保证的专业人才,并不是学历越高越好。     

大股东股权质押对企业绿色技术创新的影响研究

绿色技术创新是企业实现可持续发展的必要途径.本文通过对2011-2018年A股上市公司数据回归,首先分析了企业大股东股权质押行为对绿色技术创新水平是否产生影响,然后深入探讨了企业规模和大股东持股比例的调节效应.本文认为,大股东股权质押会显著降低企业绿色技术创新水平,且质押率越高抑制作用越强,进一步研究发现,这种抑制作用...     

中小板上市公司管理层盈余预测质量的影响因素研究

管理层盈余预测是中小板上市公司对未来展望的信息,在信息披露中占据着越来越重要的地位。本文选取2013-2015 年中小板上市公司相关数据,运用广义多分类无序logit 模型对影响中小板上市公司管理层盈余预测质量的因素进行探究,以期提高管理层盈余预测的质量。经研究结果表明,公司的独立董事占比、年度召开董事会次数、股权集中度、净资产收益率、管理层持股比例等因素越高,对提高中小板上市公司管理层盈余预测质量越有益,除此之外,中小板上市公司董事长和总经理兼任情况,与公司合作的审计机构专业程度均对管理层盈余预测的质量有一定影响。     

高管特征、企业异质性与企业技术创新绩效——来自风电产业上市公司的经验数据

技术创新是解决目前风电产业产能过剩、缺乏核心技术发展瓶颈的重要路径,最新文献已经发现高管特征和企业异质性对企业技术创新绩效的影响,但研究结论尚存在分歧。本文以沪深两市风电产业上市公司为研究对象进行实证研究发现：高管持股和女性高管对风电企业技术创新绩效具有显著的促进作用;国有风电企业和省会城市风电企业的技术创新优势会因内部治理结构短板而丧失。将企业异质性作为调节变量进一步研究发现,国有企业中高管持股和女性高管对风电企业技术创新绩效的正向影响更加显著;区位在省会企业中高管持股和女性高管对风电企业技术创新绩效的正向影响更加显著。     

Ownership concentration and product innovation in Chinese private SMEs

Product innovation is extremely important to the growth, success, and ultimate survival of firms. Although its unique features in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have gained growing attention in the literature, there is limited knowledge as to how ownership concentration moderates the relationship between product innovation and its determinants. Based upon insights from agency and institutional theories, we examine the moderating effects of ownership concentration on the relationship between product innovation and its key determinants in Chinese SMEs, utilizing a large dataset of 43,728 Chinese firms over the period 2005–2006. We focus on examining the differences between single-owner SMEs, where there is dominant control of one family member, and multiple-owner SMEs, where principal-agent conflicts and principal-principal conflicts are more likely to occur. Our findings indicate that single-owned firms tend to convert research and development into product innovation more efficiently than firms with multiple owners, who are typically better at utilizing external sources of knowledge and human capital.     

Family Ownership and R&D Intensity in Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Firms

Research was largely consistent in predicting a negative relationship between family ownership and research and development (R&D) intensity until Chrisman and Patel, using a behavioral agency model (BAM), called this general assumption into question. They argued that publicly owned family firms typically invest less in R&D than nonfamily‐owned firms. This behavior may however be reversed if economic performance levels are below family aspirations or if family long‐term goals, such as pursuing strong transgenerational family control, are highly valued. While most researchers, like Chrisman and Patel, primarily focused on large listed firms, more research on the relationship between family ownership and R&D intensity in privately held small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) is required. This is because firm size can play an important role in understanding the innovation management behavior of firms. Building on the BAM perspective, in the present paper it is argued that Chrisman and Patel's results can be extended to the context of SMEs, albeit with one important specification: the relationship between family ownership and R&D intensity is likely to be contingent on the way the family has invested its wealth. Specifically, it is contended that in the context of SMEs, where goals are more fluid and mixed, when there is a high overlap between family wealth and firm equity (i.e., most of the family's wealth is invested in the firm) the relationship between family ownership and R&D intensity is negative because of the family owners' greater desire to protect their socioemotional wealth (SEW). However, if the overlap between the family's total wealth and single firm equity is low (i.e., firm equity is just a small part of the total family wealth), the relationship between family ownership and R&D intensity is positive as the low overlap between family wealth and firm equity reduces the family's loss aversion propensity. In such a situation, family ownership is likely to foster R&D intensity because of the long‐term orientation of family owners that increases the family firm's propensity to bear the risk of investing in R&D activities. The hypothesis is tested and confirmed in a study of 240 small‐ and medium‐sized firms based in Italy. The paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, adding to the literature on innovation management and R&D intensity, it increases the understanding of what drives or inhibits R&D investments in SMEs when a family is involved in the ownership of the firm. This is particularly important because research on innovation management, as well as research on R&D intensity in family firms, is primarily focused on large firms and much less on SMEs. Second, the study complements arguments from prior research on the correlates of R&D intensity in large listed firms, showing that the BAM and SEW perspective offer a theoretical framework that is also able to illustrate the complex nature of innovation management in the context of SMEs. Third, the study contributes to research on the effects of family ownership on the general functioning of a firm. In particular, it provides new insights into how family ownership may affect R&D intensity.     

我国企业创新模式的选择——基于公司治理的视角

本文将企业创新模式分为探索式创新和利用式创新,通过风险偏好与创新模式选择的研究,探讨了公司治理结构与创新模式选择的关系。得到的结果是：国有企业相比非国有企业,更倾向于选择风险小,见效快的利用式创新模式;大股东持股比例与探索式创新模式选择显著负相关,这与发达国家的情形正好相反;高管持股的股权激励机制可以在一定程度上激励企业进行探索式创新,但需要一个持股临界值。这些结果反映出非国有控股和高管持股的企业更有动机进行探索式创新,政府政策应为其搭建出必要的制度基础。     

“To Own or Not to Own?” A Study on the Determinants and Consequences of Alternative Intellectual Property Rights Arrangements in Crowdsourcing for Innovation Contests

Firms are increasingly engaging in crowdsourcing for innovation to access new knowledge beyond their boundaries; however, scholars are no closer to understanding what guides seeker firms in deciding the level at which to acquire rights from solvers and the effect that this decision has on the performance of crowdsourcing contests. Integrating property rights theory and the problem‐solving perspective while leveraging exploratory interviews and observations, we build a theoretical framework to examine how specific attributes of the technical problem broadcast by firms affect the seekers’ choice between alternative intellectual property rights (IPR) arrangements that call for acquiring or licensing‐in IPR from external solvers (i.e., with high and low degrees of ownership, respectively). Each technical problem differs in the knowledge required to be solved as well as in the stage of development of the innovation process and seeker firms pay great attention to such characteristics when deciding about the IPR arrangement they choose for their contests. In addition, we analyze how this choice between acquiring and licensing‐in IPR, in turn, influences the performance of the contest. We empirically test our hypotheses analyzing a unique dataset of 729 challenges broadcast on the InnoCentive platform from 2010 to 2016. Our results indicate that challenges related to technical problems in later stages of the innovation process are positively related to the seekers’ preference toward IPR arrangements with a high level of ownership, while technical problems involving a higher number of knowledge domains are not. Moreover, we found that IPR arrangements with a high level of ownership negatively affect solvers’ participation and that IPR arrangement play a mediating role between the attributes of the technical problem and the solvers’ self‐selection process. Our paper contributes to the open innovation and crowdsourcing literature and provides practical implications for both managers and contest organizers.     

Business group characteristics and affiliated firm innovation: The case of Taiwan

This paper investigates the relationship between business group factors and affiliated firm innovation in terms of patents granted. We examine the following factors for business groups: group affiliation, group diversification, inside ownership, and family ties. In emerging markets, business groups act not only as an internal capital market, but also as a platform for resource sharing among affiliates. We use Taiwan's business groups as a research sample to investigate how these group factors affect affiliated firms' innovation. The findings indicate that firms that are affiliated with business groups innovate better than their unaffiliated counterparts. Group diversification and family ties have positive effects on firm innovation, while inside ownership has no significant positive effect. Our study contributes to the innovation literature by shedding light on business group factors and firm innovation.     

企业技术创新与企业经济绩效关系的探析

本文以总资产收益率和净资产收益率作为反映企业经济绩效的因变量,以研发密度、技术人员比率、资本支出率和专利作为反映企业技术创新的自变量,同时选用控制变量资产负债率（Debt）和企业规模（Size）进行回归估计,得出如下结论：企业研发密度、企业技术人员比率、专利授权数均与企业经济绩效之间存在正相关关系,资本支出率与企业经济绩效之间存在负相关关系。     

Profitability, Ownership Structure and Technical Efficiency of Enterprises in the People's Republic of China: A Case of Manufacturing Industries in Shanghai

This paper studies the relationship between accounting profits and technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai during the period 1989–1992 and examines which factors affect the profitability of manufacturing enterprises. We first estimate the average technical efficiency of four major manufacturing industries in Shanghai. Then, we test for the presence of ownership effects of technical efficiency on profits of those enterprises in these four industries.     

中小型制造企业创新特征分析:基于德阳企业调查数据

本文利用2009年四川德阳地区地震灾后中小型企业调查数据,从产业、所有制及企业规模等角度系统地考察了当地中小型企业的创新特征,并分析了其中存在的主要问题。我们发现,企业的平均专利数量及专利结构具有明显的产业异质性,在考虑专利申请的集中度后,产业的专利密度与研发密度呈现负相关性;各种不同所有制企业在创新动力、创新类型与创新的信息来源方面存在显著差异;发明专利密度与企业规模呈倒U形关系,而实用新型及外观设计专利密度随企业规模的增大而减小;政府研发资助存在选择效应,规模较大的企业更有可能获得政府的创新扶持。本文突破既有研究的数据限制,为我国中小型企业在创新模式转变中的差异性提供了证据,并为政府相应的创新扶持政策提供了借鉴。     

Recombination for innovation: performance outcomes from international partnerships in China

This paper examines the relationship between different types of international partnerships and innovation performance. By drawing on a conceptual framework which outlines how new bundles of transferrable and nontransferrable ownership advantages are created from such partnerships (Collinson and Narula, 2014 ), we analyze empirical evidence from a large‐scale survey of 320 individual company responses from the China‐based operations of foreign multinational firms alongside in‐depth case studies. Our study reveals that different types of collaborative partnerships (cooperative vs. competitive) are associated with different innovation performance outcomes (product vs. process innovation). In addition, we find that a sustainable, reciprocal relationship between collaborative partners can generate superior innovation performance. Contextual factors including the role of government and industry characteristics have an important bearing on innovation performance in collaborative partnerships in China. We conclude with implications for researchers, managers, and policymakers.     

虚拟产权与企业家激励

不同于产权学派现有的观点，文章认为对企业家起激励作用的并非产权本身，而是通过产权带来的剩余索取权。文章提出“虚拟产权”这一概念，并通过一个正式模型比较分析了“虚拟产权”和真实产权在激励作用中的主要区别．结论为在预期最大获利大于预期最大亏损时，真实产权的激励作用不如“虚拟产权”：而在预期最大亏损大于预期最大获利时，“虚拟产权”相对于真实产权激励不足。文章的目的是为企业家激励和国有企业改革提供一个有益的思路。