The Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on the Price of Beef

The Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on the Price of Beef The 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in the UK had many economic, social and personal impacts. One of the direct economic effects of the FMD outbreak arose from the manner in which livestock was marketed following restrictions placed on livestock movements. Farmers were restricted to selling their finished livestock on a deadweight basis to abattoirs, and the processing/marketing sector incurred increased costs. We show how, from a theoretical perspective, an increase in marketing costs can simultaneously lead to a rise in the retail price and a fall in the farm gate price. We then test this theory by examining the impact of the FMD outbreak on the price of beef at the retail and farm gate levels by analysing the differential or ‘marketing margin’ between farm gate and retail prices. Results show that the average marketing margin increased by 14pAg (3.1 per cent) following the FMD outbreak when compared with the pre FMD period. The estimated cost of this price differential to the UK beef industry is £130m between March 2001 and October 2002. This equates to a loss of £56m to beef farmers and implies increased processing/marketing costs of £74m to the downstream industry and ultimately consumers. L‘ impact de la fièvre aphteuse sur le prix du b?uf Les conséquences de l'épidémie de fièvre aphteuse qui a éclaté en Grande‐Bretagne en 2001 ont été profondes, à la fois économiques, sociales et individuelles. L'un des effets économiques directs a trouvé son origine dans les restrictions apportées aux transports de bétail. Les agriculteurs ont été empêchés de vendre directement en vif aux abattoirs leurs animaux terminés. Cela a coûté cher aux transformateurs et à la distribution. On montre ici, d'abord d'un point de vue theorique, comment l' accroissement des coûts de transformation a pu, à la fois, faire augmenter les prix de détail, et diminuer les prix au producteur. La théorie est ensuite testée, à partir de l'évolution, depuis l' apparition de la fièvre aphteuse, des prix du bceuf sur pied et au détail, ainsi que des marges de distribution. On arrive ainsi à montrer que la marge de commercialisation moyenne, c'est‐à‐dire la différence entre le prix a la ferme et le prix de détail, s'est accrue de 14 centimes par kg (3,1%) après l' apparition de la fièvre aphteuse, par comparaison à ce qu'elle était avant. Le coût total estimé de ce différentiel de prix représente 130 millions de livres pour la filière bceuf entre mars 2001 et octobre 2002. Ce coût aura été couvert par une perte de 56 millions de livres pour les agriculteurs, et un surcoût net de l'industrie de transformation, qui a été passé au consommateur, pour un montant de 74 millions de livres. Die Auswirkung der Maul‐ und Klauenseuche auf den Rindfleischpreis Der Ausbruch der Maul‐ und Klauenseuche (MKS) im Jahr 2001 in Großbritannien zog zahlreiche wirtschaftliche, soziale und persönliche Auswirkungen nach sich. Eine der direkten wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen ergab sich daraus, wie Vieh gemäß der veränderten Viehvermarktung in Folge der Einschränkungen beim Tiertransport verkauft wurde. Die Landwirte durften ihr Schlachtvieh nur auf Grundlage des Schlachtgewichtspreises an Schlachthöfe verkaufen, und im Sektor Weiterverarbeitung/Vermarktung kam es zu höheren Kosten. Wir zeigen auf, wie vom theoretischen Blickwinkel aus höhere Vertriebskosten gleichzeitig zu einem Anstieg des Einzelhandelspreises sowie zu einem niedrigeren Erzeugerpreis führen können. Wir überprüfen diese Theorie, indent wir die Auswirkung des MKS‐Ausbruchs auf den Einzelhandelspreis und den Erzeugerpreis für Rindfleisch durch Bestimmung des Differenzials oder der “Marktspanne” zwischen den beiden Preisen untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die durchschnittliche Spanne nach dem MKS‐Ausbruch im Vergleich zur Spanne aus der Zeit vor MKS urn 0,14 britische Pfund pro kg (3,1%) angestiegen ist. Die geschätzten Kosten dieses Preisdifferenzials für die britische Rindfleischindustrie belaufen sich für die Zeit zwischen Marz 2001 und Oktober 2002 auf 130 Millionen britische Pfund. Dies bedeutet einen Verlust in Höhe von 56 Millionen britischen Pfund für Bullenmastbetriebe und impliziert einen Kostenanstieg im Bereich Weiterverarbeitung/Vermarktung in Höhe von 74 Millionen britischen Pfund fur weiterverarbeitende Industrien und damit letztlich für den Verbraucher.     

A Selective Review of the Economic Analysis of Animal Health Management

Economists and veterinarians use similar approaches to analyse animal health threats, but veterinarians are concerned primarily with providing practical guidelines to peers and/or policy‐makers, while economists focus more on understanding the benefits to society as a whole and often provide only general guidelines to policy‐makers and little specific direction to practicing veterinarians. Despite the benefits of working together, differences in perspective and analytical approach often cause economists and veterinarians to struggle in dialogue and to lose some of the mutual gains that could be achieved through collaboration. This article discusses the use of economics in animal health management, identifies several useful literature reviews, and analyses a number of recent studies to explore the advantages and disadvantages of different conceptual and methodological approaches.     

Farmers’ Preferences For Bluetongue Vaccination Scheme Attributes: An Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Approach

Re‐emergence of the bluetongue disease in Europe poses a continuous threat to European livestock production. Large‐scale vaccination is the most effective intervention to control virus spread. Compared to command‐and‐control approaches, voluntary vaccination approaches can be effective at lower costs, provided that farmers are willing to participate. We use a discrete choice experiment to estimate the preferences for vaccination scheme attributes, accounting for preference heterogeneity via an integrated choice and latent variable approach. In designing livestock disease control schemes, it is often argued that governments should use financial, incentive‐based policy instruments to compensate farmers for externalities, assuming they act in rational self‐interest. Our results suggest that in addition to economic motives, farmers can have intrinsic or social motives to invest in livestock disease control. Implications for the effectiveness of providing subsidy or information to motivate voluntary participation are discussed.     

Dependent development in South America: China and the soybean nexus

This article examines the expansion of the soybean complex in South America and the role of Chinese firms in expanding their presence in different sectors of the oilseed complex. The growth in trade relations between the two parties has been built on the export of primary commodities from South America and the import of Chinese manufactures—a trade pattern that reproduces core‐periphery dynamics identified by dependency theory scholars. Of particular importance in this bilateral trade is soybean, a crop that has been consolidated as the main export for several South American countries, fuelled by growing demand from China. This article explores China's role in the global political economy as a key agri‐business player and the implications for new relations of dependency by studying the strategies deployed by Chinese firms to increase their influence in the governance of the soybean nexus.     

Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Forest Disease Control in the UK

Invasive pests and diseases in trees impose a range of costs on society related to reductions in timber values, impacts on recreational opportunities and effects on forest biodiversity. These costs need to be considered when assessing control options and developing public policy. We investigate the preferences and willingness to pay of the UK general public for a range of forest disease control measures using a choice experiment with a sample of 605 people. Respondents were relatively well informed about general tree disease‐related issues, such as causes and general measures to minimise the risk of disease spread. They were less knowledgeable about specific tree diseases, with Dutch elm disease and chalara ash dieback being the most well known. We find that disease control programmes in publicly‐owned forests and forests owned by charitable trusts are more likely to be supported by the public than equivalent control programmes in privately‐owned and/or commercial forests. The nature of scientific uncertainty about diseases does not affect peoples’ preferences for disease control measures significantly. Higher respondent income, greater ex‐ante knowledge about tree diseases, and more frequent visits to forests are correlated with greater willingness to support publicly‐funded tree disease control programmes in forests. Better knowledge about tree diseases also improves the clarity of respondents’ choices. We find a negative sentiment against some disease control measures, such as clear felling of a forest, and chemical or biocide spraying. We conclude that there is significant public support for part‐financing forest disease control policies in the UK, but that this is conditional on forest ownership and the type of control measures used.     

建立天西林区野生动物疫源疫病监测预警体系的思考

通过对新疆天山西部林区野生动物疫源疫病监测现状的研究，提出为了保障人民群众健康，维护社会公共卫生安全，天西林区应尽快建立野生动物疫源疫病监测预警体系，采取将监测“哨位”前移到疫病源头；建立动物疫病长效防控机制，彻底阻断病毒传播；健全预防体制，从动物疫病的源头上加大防治力度；加强湿地保护，重建候鸟与人的隔离带等措施。     

土地利用规划分析系统简介及其应用

随着土地资源的逐渐匮乏及对土地多目标矛盾需求的增加,要求分析方法从定性向定量发展,向情景分析发展,并且需要反复的沟通。在介绍了荷兰瓦赫宁根学派先进的土地利用规划分析系统(LUPAS)模型的基础上,同时对其在我国的应用做了初步介绍。     

Fragmentation and Embeddedness: An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Rural Financial Markets

Political economy approaches to analysing the efficiency of rural financial markets have focused on the role of power and social relations. Neo-classical institutional economics, on the other hand, has used information and transaction costs to explain performance. Recognizing the limitations of both approaches, this paper presents an alternative that focuses on the institutional form of financial intermediaries, that is, the governance structure of rules, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms that enable them to operate. This structure is supported by both formal and informal rules, norms and sanctions. As a result, the ways in which transaction costs are affected by governance structures can be identified and the embeddedness of financial intermediaries in social relations can be theorized. The application of this approach in Central Kenya demonstrates the insights that it offers into explaining borrower preferences in the financial market.     

Assessing the returns to R&D on perennial crops: the costs and benefits of Pierce's disease research in the California winegrape industry

Several complicating issues arise in evaluating the returns to research into varietal improvements for perennial crops compared with annual crops. We elucidate and address these issues in the context of a case study of research aiming to develop varieties that are resistant to Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevines. PD imposes costs of over $100 million per year on the California grape industry, even with public PD control programs in place. Research projects to develop PD resistant varieties of grapevines are at various stages of completion. We describe the economic problems posed by PD, document the research programs undertaken to address the disease and present an economic assessment of the returns to the investment, which are conditional on other policies. Using a simulation model of the market for California winegrapes, we estimate the benefits from research, development and adoption of PD‐resistant vines as ranging from $4 million to $129 million annually over a 50‐year horizon, depending on the length of the R&D lag and the rate of adoption. In addition to these specific quantitative results the paper offers insight into the broader question of economic evaluation of damage‐mitigation technology for perennial crops.     

森林认证标识认知影响因素的实证分析——基于北京市488名消费者的调查

依据2014年8~10月对北京市488名消费者的问卷调查资料,运用二元因变量的Logistic回归模型,对影响消费者对森林认证标识认知的因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:影响消费者对森林认证标识认知的主要因素是职业、对森林状况的了解、信息渠道和通常对于标识的信任度。最后就如何提高消费者对森林认证标识的认知水平和信任程度给出了加大对森林认证及其标识的宣传力度;充分利用多种宣传渠道展开对森林认证及其标识的宣传;增强国人的森林资源危机意识;更多地组织保护森林资源的活动;积极开拓国内森林认证产品市场;加大对森林认证产品的监督管理;消费者应增强自身的环保意识、绿色消费意识和责任意识等建议。     

转变生产消费方式诉求下的动物福利规制分析——基于防控新冠肺炎的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情给中国造成了重大生命健康和经济损失,也表明了合理利用与善待动物的重要性。中国已到了关注动物福利的发展阶段,改善动物福利水平不仅是保障食品安全、突破隐性贸易壁垒障碍的要求,更是促使人们改变生产与消费习惯,进而防范动物源性传染病疫情发生的要求。中国目前已有了对动物福利进行规制的民众基础,应进一步提升民众对动物福利的认知、加大对动物福利学理及国际规制趋向的研究。在此基础上制定有中国特色、长远引导、不断完善的与动物福利相关的法规、制度和政策,从而有效防范类似新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的发生。     

Socioeconomic burden of trypanosomiasis: Evidence from crop and livestock production in Ethiopia

This paper estimates the impact of trypanosomiasis on crop-livestock production, economic loss and poverty in Ethiopia. We use unique panel data to estimate how the disease affects livestock deaths, production costs and crop production. We then use these estimates to evaluate the disease's total economic loss and its implications on poverty in the study districts and the country. Estimates of the fixed effect regression models indicate that trypanosomiasis increases the value of livestock deaths by 33% and production costs by 63%. Crop production decreases by 14% when trypanosomiasis and oxen death coexist. We estimate that the direct economic loss is about US$58,300 per annum in the study districts. The estimated countrywide economic loss is about US$94 million per annum. Had the government prevented this economic loss and invested it in social protection programmes, it could have lifted about 9000 people in the study districts and about 200,000 people in the country above the national poverty line per annum. These findings indicate that trypanosomiasis remains a major production constraint. Controlling the disease appears to be pro-poor, calling for more policy attention.     

An Analysis of Dynamic Economic Relationships: An Application to the U.S. Hog Market

Recent advances in multiple time-series analysis are discussed and applied to data from the U.S. hog market. Vector-autoregressive and moving-average representations are derived and interpreted with respect to implied dynamic relationships among the variables.
Desprogrès récents dans l'analyse des séries temporelles multiples sont présentes el utilisés pour l'analyse des données sur le marché porcin aux Etats- Unis. Deux representations, la premiere vectorielle el autoregressive et la seconde moyennes mobiles, sont dérivées et interpretées selon les relations dynamiques implicites des variables.     

全球生产网络背景下日本能源消耗测算及特征分析--基于多区域投入产出模型的分析

基于WIOD数据库,运用多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型测算1995-2011年日本的生产侧能耗、消费侧能耗、外需能耗及国外能耗四类指标,并对其变化趋势进行分析。分析日本外需能耗的主要国别流向和部门来源及其变化趋势。结果显示,日本是典型的产品隐含能耗净输入国,日本等发达国家以贸易的方式使发展中国家为其生产了大量隐含能耗的产品。     

Linking Consumers’ Food Choice Motives to their Preferences for Insect‐based Food Products: An Application of Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Model in an African Context

Consumers’ attitudes, perceptions, personalities and motives play important roles in shaping their food choices. These factors are not fully observed by analysts, so they should be treated as latent variables. A number of economic studies treat such variables as direct measures of consumers’ food choice behaviour, even though this might introduce measurement error and endogeneity bias. We investigate the latent link between consumers’ preferences and food choice motives (FCMs) in an African context. We use an integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) model specification for data analysis to recognise the latent nature of the FCMs and address the measurement and bias problems. The data originate from an incentivised discrete choice experiment conducted in Kenya to elicit consumers’ preferences for insect‐based foods. Our findings show that consumers’ preferences and choices are influenced by their latent motivational orientation. The results illustrate the benefit of the ICLV approach in accounting for consumers’ latent preference constructs in food choice and valuation research.     

Testing the induced innovation hypothesis: an error correction model of South African agriculture

This paper applies cointegration techniques to a model of induced innovation based on the two-stage constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function. This approach results in direct tests of the inducement hypothesis, which are applied to data for South African commercial agriculture for the period 1947–1991. South African data is used because the policy changes have been substantial enough that the factor and price ratios have turning-points, rather than being monotonie. The time series properties of the variables are checked, cointegration is established, and an error correction model (ECM) constructed, allowing factor substitution to be separated from technological change. Finally, the ECM formulation is subjected to causality tests, which show that both the factor price ratios and R&D and extension expenditures are Granger-prior to the factor-saving biases of technological change. Thus, each stage of the analysis corroborates the inducement hypothesis. However, straightforward price-inducement is only part of the explanation of changes in factor ratios. Policy-induced innovation, in response to tax concessions and subsidised credit, is also present.     

城市教育配套对住宅价格的影响：基于公共品资本化视角的实证分析

研究目的：验证杭州市区内各类教育配套对住宅价格的影响,并定量评估教育设施的资本化效应程度。研究方法：特征价格法。研究结果：教育设施对住宅价格具有正向的资本化效应。小学和初中存在显著的学区效应,小学质量、初中质量每上升1个等级,将给其学区内的住宅价格带来2.3％或2.6％的增幅。幼儿园、高中和大学则通过可达性提高了周边住宅的价格,小区1 km 范围内每增加一所幼儿园,住宅总价上升0.1％;处于高中或大学1 km 范围内,住宅总价分别上升1.8％和2.1％。研究结论：证实了教育设施对住宅价格的正向影响,购房者和投资者愿意为教育质量或可达性支付附加价格。     

陕南地区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析与对策

运用SWOT分析方法对陕南地区生态旅游开发存在的的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁做了全面分析,认为陕南地区在生态旅游资源、自然环境、客源市场和区域可进入性方面优势突出,在资金、基础设施和知名度方面还处于劣势,在生态旅游市场发展趋势和国家政策方面面临良好的机遇,在保护资源、环境与生态旅游市场竞争方面存在威胁。在此基础上,从形象宣传、提高区域知名度、生态旅游产品开发、生态旅游环境保护功能的发挥以及区域旅游合作等方面为陕南地区生态旅游开发提供了对策。