The Pricing of Tax-Exempt Bonds and the Miller Hypothesis

This paper reports a new test of two competing theories of the relation between tax-exempt and taxable interest rates. The Miller hypothesis predicts that the tax-exempt rate is 52 percent of the taxable rate, while the institutional demand hypothesis predicts a volatile relationship. The tests in this paper employ a random intercept model to control for the risk of average interest rates. The results favor the Miller hypothesis. Marginal tax rates are found to be close to Miller's predicted 48 percent. The relationship is not influenced by relative demand or supply and the marginal tax rate appears stable over time.     

Tax-Exempt Debt and the Capital Structure of Nonprofit Organizations: An Application to Hospitals

The availability of tax-exempt financing provides nonprofit (NP) organizations with their own tax-based incentives to issue debt. In this article, we develop a theoretical model in which NPs gain an indirect arbitrage from tax-exempt debt issuance, constrained by: 1) the requirement that fixed investment exceed tax-exempt debt flows (the project financing constraint), and 2) the constraint against share issuance. These constraints cause them to impute tax benefits to projects that afford access to the tax-exempt bond market. Empirical tests indicate that NP hospitals behave as if they have target levels of tax-exempt debt. Debt targeting is constrained by the availability of capital projects, while excess debt capacity stimulates investment.     

地方政府隐性债务与城投债定价

由于1994年《预算法》限制了中国地方政府凭借自身信用发行政府债券的能力,地方政府通过设立融资平台的方式发行了大量城投债券。虽然城投债被普遍认为是含有政府隐性担保的,但隐性担保主体认定尚未有共识。本文通过加总地方政府下属融资平台有息债务总额的方法,构建地方政府隐性债务负担率指标,并通过分析地方政府隐性债务负担率对城投债一二级市场信用利差的影响,进一步探索市场对城投债隐性担保责任主体的认定。研究发现,政府隐性债务负担率高的地方城投债信用利差偏高,并且这种影响随政策以及宏观形势而变化。自滇公路违约函事件后,投资者在城投债定价中开始普遍关注地方政府隐性债务负担率的信息;而在43号文明确了地方政府债务置换措施后,省级政府的隐性债务负担率开始成为城投债定价的重要影响因素。这说明投资者认可的地方隐性担保的责任主体是随时间变动的。     

Underwriting Syndicates and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from Chinese Corporate Bonds

This article examines the association between underwriting syndicates and the cost of debt based on a sample of Chinese corporate bonds during 2007–2013. We find strong evidence that there is a negative relationship between forming underwriting syndicates and the cost of debt. The cost of bonds is more likely to decrease when the syndicate has more members—specifically, more joint managers. Additionally, by measuring the information asymmetry using several methods, we observe that this negative relationship is more pronounced when the information asymmetry between issuers and bond investors is more serious. The above results are robust after controlling for the potential endogeneity by constructing instrumental variables based on the unique setting of China’s corporate bond market.     

从债务期限影响因素看中小企业债券市场发展

融资难是当前困扰我国中小企业发展的最大瓶颈,大力发展中小企业债券市场,是降低间接融资系统性风险、提高中小企业融资规模的重要途径。本文首先以上市公司债务期限结构为对象,实证研究影响市场资金供求双方的影响因素,在现阶段我国债券市场的市场制度、风险偏好、发行人资质等综合条件下,发行短期债券是当前中小企业发展最现实的选择,受信息不对称、违约风险等因素的影响,保障企业稳定发展的中长期资金难以获得。     

Debt Maturity,Credit Risk,and Information Asymmetry: The Case of Municipal Bonds

Using a system of equations approach, this paper empirically tests the impact of credit quality, asset maturity, and other issuer and issue characteristics on the maturity of municipal bonds. We find that under conditions of lower information asymmetry that prevails in the municipal sector, higher‐rated bonds have longer maturities than low‐rated bonds. This result differs from that observed in the corporate sector. Overall, our results support the asset maturity hypothesis. In addition, our analysis finds that fundamentals matter. Issue features that provide additional protection or convenience to the investor tend to increase debt maturity.     

Reinsuring Climatic Risk Using Optimally Designed Weather Bonds

The aim of this paper is to determine the optimal structure of a weather bond, i.e. a bond whose coupons depend on the occurence of a weather event. The stress is put more on the structuration than on the simple pricing of the bond. Therefore, instead of looking only at the bond issue, we consider it as a part of a more general transaction, involving three agents: a firm, which wants to be hedged against its weather risk, an investor, which buys the bond and a bank, which has an intermediary key role. Then, we derive the optimal characteristics of the whole transaction. But the bond structure which is obtained, corresponds to a minimal structure: indeed, only the bond optimal price function and its optimal reimbursement level (amount which is paid back when an event occurs) can be determined while there is a degree of freedom in the choice of the optimal coupon. Therefore, this indeterminacy may be interpreted as a marketing tool and it could play an important role in the negotiation process between the issuer and the investor.     

基于双因素Wang转换方法的长寿风险债券定价研究

在比较国外经典债券设计的基础上,基于离散型死亡率模型假设,设计一种可调整上触碰点的触发型长寿债券,运用带永久跳跃的APC模型和双因素Wang转换定价方法对长寿债券进行定价,实证结果表明:在不同的参数组合下的风险溢价均处在一个合理的范围,由于模型参数多、可用死亡率数据年限短,风险溢价的结果对无风险利率等参数敏感性较高.     

城投债发行与地方融资平台主动债务置换——基于银行授信视角

本文探索了银行授信在地方融资平台市场化转型过程中发挥的贯穿性作用。研究发现:(1)在融资平台发行城投债的过程中,银行授信向债券市场提供了增量信息,拥有更高的授信额度将显著提升城投债的信用评级,降低发行成本。(2)获得授信额度越高的融资平台,发行城投债主动置换银行贷款的倾向越强,置换规模越大。进一步,随着融资平台的市场化转型,授信额度对主动债务置换行为的影响逐渐强烈。本文的政策建议在于,地方融资平台应进一步提升其盈利能力,发挥授信额度积极的信号传递作用。更为重要的是,应通过财税改革划清政府与市场的界限,建立金融机构主导的监督机制,促进融资平台从银行贷款依赖的主体切实转向融资成本敏感的市场化主体。     

Debt Issue Costs and Issue Characteristics in the Market for U.S. Dollar Denominated International Bonds

This paper analyzes the issue costs and initial pricing of bonds in the international market. In particular, we investigate the determinants of three components of issue costs: underwriter fee, underwriter spread (the difference between the offering price and the guaranteed price to the issuer), and underpricing (the difference between the market price and the offering price). Total underwriter compensation increases with the bonds' credit risk and maturity, but it is insignificantly related to issue size. Interestingly, underwriters appear to price some issue characteristics directly (by adjusting the fee) and other characteristics indirectly (by setting the guaranteed price). The two compensation components (fee and spread) are negatively related to each other. We provide evidence that this trade-off is consistent with income tax considerations, as well as with two-tier pricing by underwriters. We find no evidence of underpricing.     

On the Pricing of Defaultable Bonds Using the Framework of Barrier Options

In the framework of the structural approach of bond pricing, we extend the Fujita–Ishizaka model by considering more realistic payoffs. The payoff to the bondholder at time of default, provided that default occurs prior to maturity, depends on the firm value at time of default. We also find the new measure with the advantage to calculate the value of bond and its financial interpretation. In addition, we present some numerical exmaples.     

The Role of Sectoral Demand in Influencing Tax-Exempt Bond Yields: A Reexamination

Despite an ongoing interest and a growing number of studies, the existence of segmentation (preferred habitats) in the tax-exempt bond market remains controversial. Adding to the existing controversy are the impacts of recent tax reform legislation on the market and, consequently, on the viability of existing theories of yield determination. The present study first establishes that segmentation did exist through 1986, but that the influence of sectoral demand declined steadily throughout the 1980s. While the Tax Reform Act of 1986 resulted in a dramatic change in the pattern of sectoral demand, the results are not clear as to whether this implies an end to segmentation or simply a need to respecify the definitions of the different market segments.     

未预期货币政策与企业债券信用利差——基于固浮利差分解的研究

本文利用固息债与浮息债利差将货币政策分解成预期和未预期部分,进而探讨未预期货币政策对企业债券市场信用利差所产生的动态影响与非对称效应。实证结果表明:第一,未预期货币政策对企业债券信用利差的影响更为显著;第二,在经济周期的繁荣时期,未预期货币政策对企业债券信用利差的作用更大;第三,对比不同期限的企业债,货币政策对中长期企业债信用利差的作用更为显著,而对短期的影响较小。     

债券之王--记Pimco首席投资官比尔·格罗斯

格罗斯是全球最大债券经纪公司Pimco的首席投资官.他管理的核心债券组合自1973年开始,年均增长率为10.6%.要知道,债券投资在各种投资种类里只能算是乌龟而非兔子.但格罗斯的成绩仅稍逊于标准普尔500指数13%的增长率.自他从业以来,其投资组合仅有3年出现市值下滑,年均下滑率为2.25%.与此形成对比,同期的标准普尔年均下滑12.5%.     

Using Subordinated Debt to Monitor Bank Holding Companies: Is it Feasible?

Although accurate bond prices are difficult to come by, many have advocated that bank supervisors use subordinated debt spreads in the surveillance of large banking organizations. Our findings indicate that subordinated debt spreads are most consistent across data sources for the most liquid bonds (i.e., those of relatively large issuance size, relatively young age, issued by relatively large firms) traded in a relatively robust overall bond market. We also find a high degree of concordance in rankings of firms by their minimum spreads across bonds with especially strong agreement about which large firms are in the tails of the spread distribution at each point in time. Our time-series results further support and provide additional guidance for the use of subordinated debt spreads in supervisory monitoring, support the need for careful judgment when interpreting such spreads, highlight difficulties with currently available data sources, and motivate the need for further research.     

中国政府债务可持续性和债务风险动态评估研究

债务杠杆率和债务可持续性是评估债务风险的两个重要指标。我国目前面临高政府债务杠杆率、高赤字率及经济下行压力。本文通过对债务杠杆率计算方法的分解以及对债务可持续性的分析发现:提高政府部门的投资效率将是降低当前政府部门债务杠杆的一个有效手段;当前国际所通用的债务上限标准并不适用于我国。本文还通过构建SVAR模型,进一步对我国债务情况进行了实证分析,发现财政赤字率和经济增长率的变化在当期对债务杠杆率产生的影响较小,其影响主要发生在其后的两到三年。针对这一分析结果,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

我国地方政府债券和城投债的比较研究

本文在介绍我国地方政府债和城投债的发行情况的基础上,根据统计数据分析了各省份地方政府债和城投债的发行规模和偿债能力,重点比较了这两类债券的要素、风险与监管。最后建议,地方政府债券和城投债都应市场化发行,并且要建立起地方政府的信用评级体系,使投资者能够清楚了解各地区的风险状况和信用等级。     

浅析国外储蓄国债管理经验对我国的启示

由于我国金融市场不断发展,金融产品不断丰富,储蓄国债面临极大的竞争。长期以来我国储蓄国债创新不足,发展停滞。本文分析了我国储蓄国债存在的主要问题,结合国外相对成熟的管理经验,提出相应合理化的建议。     

值得关注的两种债券

市场上流通着由众多不同发行者发行的多种债券. 债券有许多特征,诸如付息方式、债券发行市场、可支付通货、受保护性以及法律地位等.债券的发行者可以是政府、企业、专门的信托机构,甚至可以是非盈利组织.债券的种类通常是由发行者的类型和债券本身的特性所决定的,下面我们简单地讨论两种主要债券: