Cross-border interbank networks,banking risk and contagion

Recent events have highlighted the role of cross-border linkages between banking systems in transmitting local developments across national borders. This paper analyzes whether international linkages in interbank markets affect the stability of interconnected banking systems and channel financial distress within a network consisting of banking systems of the main advanced countries for the period 1994–2012. Methodologically, I use a spatial modeling approach to test for spillovers in cross-border interbank markets. The results suggest that foreign exposures in banking play a significant role in channeling banking risk: I find that countries that are linked through foreign borrowing or lending positions to more stable banking systems abroad are significantly affected by positive spillover effects. From a policy point of view, this implies that in stable times, linkages in the banking system can be beneficial, while they have to be taken with caution in times of financial turmoil affecting the whole system.     

Explaining co-movements between stock markets: The case of US and Germany

We explain co-movements between stock markets by explicitly considering the distinction between interdependence and contagion. We propose and implement a full-information approach on data for US and Germany to provide answers to the following questions:

(i) Is there long-term interdependence between US and German stock markets?

(ii) Is there short-term interdependence and contagion between US and German stock markets, i.e. do short-term fluctuations of the US share prices spill over to German share prices and is such co-movement unstable over high-volatility episodes?

Our answers are, respectively, no to the first question and yes to the second one.     

‘Slow-burn’ spillover and ‘fast and furious’ contagion: a study of international stock markets

‘Fast and furious’ contagion across capital markets is an important phenomenon in an increasingly integrated financial world. Different from ‘slow-burn’ spillover or interdependence among these markets, ‘fast and furious’ contagion can occur instantly. To investigate this kind of contagion from the US, Japan and Hong Kong to other Asian economies, we design a research strategy to capture fundamental interdependence, or ‘slow-burn’ spillover, among these stock markets as well as short-term departures from this interdependence. Based on these departures, we propose a new contagion measure which reveals how one market responds over time to a shock in another market. We also propose international portfolio analysis for contagion via variance decomposition from the portfolio manager’s perspective. Using this research strategy, we find that the US stock market was cointegrated with the Asian stock markets during four specific periods from 3 July 1997 to 30 April 2014. Beyond this fundamental interdependence, the shocks from both Japan and Hong Kong have significant ‘fast and furious’ contagion effects on other Asian stock markets during the US subprime crisis, but the shocks from the US have no such effects.     

嵌入投资银行后的银行危机传导模型

基于Sujit模型,通过在支付清算系统内构建嵌入投资银行的危机传导模型,同时考虑中央银行的两种政策对防范少数银行危机蔓延至系统危机的作用,结果发现,少数银行引发系统危机的主要原因在于危机银行影响了与其有着支付清算关系的债权银行的收益和它们的预期信心,中央银行政策对控制危机传导是有效的.     

基于信用链接的银行网络风险传染研究述评

对传染性银行风险的研究一直是重要的问题,本文全面介绍了基于信用链接的银行网络中风险传染研究的最新成果。该领域研究主要是从两个方面来展开,一方面是从经济学的角度对银行网络中风险传染进行研究;另一方面是从经济物理的角度,通过对银行网络结构和银行主体建模,并用仿真的方法研究银行网络中的风险传染问题。本文对目前研究现状存在的不足进行了评述,并进一步指出了未来的研究方向。     

The stability–concentration relationship in the Brazilian banking system

In this article, the relation between non-performing loans (NPL) of the Brazilian banking system and macroeconomic factors, systemic risk, and banking concentration is empirically tested. In evaluating this relation, we use a dynamic specification with fixed effects, while using a panel data approach. The empirical results suggest that the banking concentration has a statistically significant impact on NPL, suggesting that more concentrated banking systems may improve financial stability. These results are important for the design of banking regulation policies.     

Does financial connectedness predict crises?

The global financial crisis has reignited interest in models of crisis prediction. It has also raised the question whether financial interconnectedness—a possible source of systemic risk—can serve as an early warning indicator of crises. In this paper, we examine the ability of connectedness in the global network of financial linkages to predict systemic banking crises during the 1978–2010 period. Our results indicate that increases in a country’s own connectedness and decreases in its neighbours’ connectedness are associated with a higher probability of banking crises after controlling for macroeconomic fundamentals. Our findings suggest that financial interconnectedness has early warning potential, especially for the 2007–2010 wave of systemic banking crises.     

Trade credit and the joint effects of supplier and customer financial characteristics

We examine how access to bank credit affects trade credit in the supplier–customer relationships of U.S. public firms. For identification, we use exogenous liquidity shocks to supplier firms in the form of staggered changes to interstate bank branching laws. Using a variety of tests, we show that supplier firms with greater access to banking liquidity offer more trade credit to their customers. We also show that when bank branching restrictions are relaxed in the supplier’s state, the supplier–customer relationship is more likely to survive.     

中国银行业对外开放现状及政策建议

研究银行业对外开放具有十分重要的现实意义。文章首先对当前中国银行业开放现状和存在的问题进行了深刻分析。接着,从有效维护金融安全、促进民族金融业的发展等战略高度深入探讨了关于银行业是否对外资银行全面开放、全面开放的内涵、开放后的外资银行的国民待遇、监管机构的审慎监管、外资入股中资银行等重大问题。文章认为,在对外开放进程中,一是要加强对外资银行母国和母行的风险研究;二是要严格外国银行的监管,平衡外国银行分行与外资法人机构的发展;三是要提高对外资银行的监管和处罚力度;四是合理引导外资银行入股中资银行。     

从全球金融危机看我国银行业金融创新的进一步发展问题

金融创新是国际银行业发展的持续动力,随着我国银行业改革开放的深化,我国商业银行对金融创新的重视和参与程度也越来越高。但是此次全球金融危机却反映出国际银行业在创新过程中的一些严重问题,为我国银行业金融创新提供了一些启示。本文对国际银行业近年来的金融创新进行了反思,总结了我国银行业金融创新的现状,并对我国银行业金融创新的进一步发展提出了建议。     

How likely is contagion in financial networks?

Interconnections among financial institutions create potential channels for contagion and amplification of shocks to the financial system. We estimate the extent to which interconnections increase expected losses and defaults under a wide range of shock distributions. In contrast to most work on financial networks, we assume only minimal information about network structure and rely instead on information about the individual institutions that are the nodes of the network. The key node-level quantities are asset size, leverage, and a financial connectivity measure given by the fraction of a financial institution’s liabilities held by other financial institutions. We combine these measures to derive explicit bounds on the potential magnitude of network effects on contagion and loss amplification. Spillover effects are most significant when node sizes are heterogeneous and the originating node is highly leveraged and has high financial connectivity. Our results also highlight the importance of mechanisms that go beyond simple spillover effects to magnify shocks; these include bankruptcy costs, and mark-to-market losses resulting from credit quality deterioration or a loss of confidence. We illustrate the results with data on the European banking system.     

The 2008 financial crisis: Stock market contagion and its determinants

In this paper, we investigate worldwide contagion and its determinants during the 2008 financial crisis. Utilizing an international sample of returns from 2003 to 2009, we consider both uni- and bi-directional contagion. After controlling for crisis-related volatility, we find strong evidence that cross-market linkages increase among many financial markets. In contrast to previous crises, contagion following the 2008 global financial crisis is not confined to emerging markets. The United States and other mature financial markets in the sample transmit and receive contagion. Country markets are less influenced by regions than they are by other country markets. We also construct variables that represent relative changes in economic variables before and during the crisis. We find that both economic fundamentals such as trade structure, interest rates, inflation rates, industrial production, and regional effects, and investors’ risk aversion contribute to international contagion.     

亚洲新兴市场金融危机传染问题研究——基于Copula理论的检验方法

对金融市场信息传导机制的研究发现,市场收益率和波动的变化及它们对市场间相关性的影响是检验金融危机传染的基础。Copula函数能够捕捉非线性和非对称相关,避免线性相关系数可能带来的误导,结合Copula理论、Bayes时序诊断以及Z检验,可以更加有效地检验金融危机传染。本实证研究表明,越南金融市场相对独立,即使在金融危机后,越南与亚洲其他主要国家或地区金融市场之间的相关性依然很弱,不存在对其他金融市场的危机传染,2008年以来在越南爆发的金融危机引发更大规模金融危机的可能性不大。     

影子银行体系的脆弱性、监管改革及对我国的启示

影子银行体系的超常规发展和信用扩张,是全球金融危机爆发的重要原因之一。本文对影子银行体系的内涵、运作特点和崩溃原因开展研究,分析危机后西方主要国家的金融监管改革举措,并结合中国影子银行体系的现状,提出有助于我国金融体系发展的启示与建议。     

金融衍生工具与银行系统性风险

从巴林银行倒闭到中航油、中石化衍生品交易巨亏,重新审视金融衍生工具与系统性风险的关系成为必然。金融衍生工具运用规模和比例呈急剧上升趋势,其初衷为对冲风险,契合金融服务实体经济功能,但由于其交易规则具有复杂性和不透明性,实施效果亟待检验。本文采用金融衍生工具视角,探索了分类金融衍生工具对银行系统性风险的影响及作用机理。结果表明,金融衍生工具会加剧银行系统性风险,包括外汇类和利率类金融衍生工具。金融衍生工具运用总体效果并不理想,且存在情境依赖,作用发挥呈现异质性。在后金融危机时代以及股市处于熊市时,金融衍生工具均加剧了银行系统性风险,在危机前则降低了银行系统性风险,但当处于牛市时则无显著影响。此外,在市场化进程高、机构持股比例高时,金融衍生工具加剧银行系统性风险的作用更为明显。本文从一个新的视角检验了银行系统性风险的影响因素,为探究其成因提供了新解释,也为未来系统性风险防控提供了新思路。     

我国金融机构系统性金融风险度量与跨部门风险溢出效应研究

本文采用VaR、MES、CoVaR以及ΔCoVaR四类风险测度方法,对我国A股56家上市金融机构和房地产公司的系统性金融风险展开研究,并结合前沿的风险溢出网络方法,从静态与动态两个研究角度考察了我国金融风险的跨部门传染。研究结果表明,四种风险测度指标均能准确识别出我国金融部门风险集聚的尾部事件,而且金融体系整体上存在较为明显的跨部门风险传染效应。此外,本文研究发现,我国系统性风险溢出水平逐年攀升,且传染中心在“银行钱荒”、“股市熔断机制”等事件中发生了相应改变,其中,在“钱荒事件”中,银行部门等成为了风险传染的发源地;而在“熔断机制”事件中,房地产与证券部门则成为风险传染的网络中心。在此基础上,我们提出了完善我国金融风险防范体系与监管机制的若干建议,使得本文研究对于“防范跨市场、跨产品、跨机构的风险传染”具有重要的学术价值与现实意义。     

Bank Competition and Financial Stability

Under the traditional “competition-fragility” view, more bank competition erodes market power, decreases profit margins, and results in reduced franchise value that encourages bank risk taking. Under the alternative “competition-stability” view, more market power in the loan market may result in higher bank risk as the higher interest rates charged to loan customers make it harder to repay loans, and exacerbate moral hazard and adverse selection problems. The two strands of the literature need not necessarily yield opposing predictions regarding the effects of competition and market power on stability in banking. Even if market power in the loan market results in riskier loan portfolios, the overall risks of banks need not increase if banks protect their franchise values by increasing their equity capital or engaging in other risk-mitigating techniques. We test these theories by regressing measures of loan risk, bank risk, and bank equity capital on several measures of market power, as well as indicators of the business environment, using data for 8,235 banks in 23 developed nations. Our results suggest that—consistent with the traditional “competition-fragility” view—banks with a higher degree of market power also have less overall risk exposure. The data also provides some support for one element of the “competition-stability” view—that market power increases loan portfolio risk. We show that this risk may be offset in part by higher equity capital ratios.

Explaining banking stability in Sub-Saharan Africa

The study examined banking stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. The results reveal that banking spread (Net Interest Margin – NIM) is the main determinant of stability and the major means to achieve stability during crises periods. We however find the existence of a threshold effect in NIM.Crises in the banking sector consistently showed to reduce stability. While the results show that high percentage of foreign banks reduce stability, we find foreign banks help stabilize the banking sector in periods of crises. The results show that diversification could also have a positive impact on stability (Z-score) even though this relationship was not robust enough. The results also largely support the competition-fragility view. Particularly, we find that less competition during crises periods can help improve stability. Again, we find evidence for both concentration-stability and concentration-fragility hypotheses depending on the stability measure used. We however find that when large banks in concentrated markets are well regulated, stability could be improved. Weak regulatory environment reduces stability (Z-score) directly and matters during crises periods. Our results are robust to the use of different indicators of stability and estimation methods.