A theory of corporate financial decisions with liquidity and solvency concerns

This paper studies the impact of both liquidity and solvency concerns on corporate finance. I present a tractable model of a firm that optimally chooses capital structure, cash holdings, dividends, and default while facing cash flows with long-term uncertainty and short-term liquidity shocks. The model explains how changes in solvency affect liquidity and also how liquidity concerns affect solvency via capital structure choice. These interactions result in a dynamic cash policy in which cash reserves increase in profitability and are positively correlated with cash flows. The optimal dividend distributions implied by the model are smoothed relative to cash flows. I also find that liquidity concerns lead to a decrease of dispersion of credit spreads.     

利用外资对我国区域技术创新溢出效应的动态面板研究

采用2000~2010年相关数据,运用动态面板数据模型进行实证分析,发现利用外资对我国东、中、西三大区域都产生了正向技术创新溢出效应,且西部地区溢出效应最明显,其次是东部地区,而中部地区最小。考察不同区域研发机构内生增长机制后发现,东部地区的动态效应最显著,其次是中部地区东、中、西最小。研究同时发现,经济发展水平、贸易开放度、科研投入水平和人力资本水平对技术创新的影响也存在区域效应。     

Does internal control over financial reporting really alleviate agency conflicts?

This study investigates whether internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) alleviates the managerial expropriation of corporate resources. We do this by examining the potential effects of material weaknesses in internal control on the values of corporate cash holdings and capital expenditures. Our findings suggest that ICFR facilitates the scrutiny and discipline of capital markets and thus alleviates the agency problems. Our results support the premise that high financial reporting quality impairs managers’ abilities to use corporate resources in a self‐serving manner.     

Why do firms save cash from cash flows? Evidence from firm‐level estimation of cash–cash flow sensitivities

We construct firm‐level estimates for the cash flow sensitivity of cash (CCFS) by modelling heterogeneous slopes in reduced‐form cash equations. This approach allows identifying firms with a high, low or even negative savings propensity. We find that high CCFS firms have higher income variation, suggesting cash buffering is triggered by income shocks. High CCFS firms do not suffer from financing constraints measured by a wide selection of indicators. Our results suggest that the CCFS is not an adequate indicator to capture financing constraints. Rather, a higher CCFS indicates smoothing of income fluctuations by installing a cash buffer that successfully prevents future income shortfall.     

Capital structure in an emerging stock market: The case of India

This paper applies two alternative methods of estimation, viz., fully modified OLS (FMOLS) and generalized method of moments (GMM), to analyse the determinants of the capital structure of Indian firms using a panel of 1169 non-financial firms listed in either the Bombay Stock Exchange or the National Stock Exchange over the period 1995-2008. The results thus obtained are robust across the estimation methods. Among the three alternative theories of capital structure, the pecking order theory and the static trade-off theory both seem to explain Indian firms’ decisions. However, there is little evidence to support the agency cost theory.     

Does sukuk market development spur economic growth?

We investigate the impact of sukuk market development on economic growth using a sample comprising all sukuk-issuing countries spanning the period 1995–2015. We use the system GMM estimator to tackle potential omitted variable bias, endogeneity, and simultaneity issues. We report a strong and robust evidence that sukuk market development is conducive to economic growth, even after controlling for various measures of financial market development, institutional quality, and classical determinants of economic growth. In addition, the evidence does not support the well-known positive association between financial development and economic growth. We conclude that the development of sukuk markets may have promoted financial inclusion by eliminating the negative effects of religious self-exclusion, which stimulates investment and economic growth.     

Determinants of Capital Structure and Adjustment to Long Run Target: Evidence From UK Company Panel Data

This paper examines the empirical determinants of borrowing decisions of firms and the role of adjustment process. A partial adjustment model is estimated by GMM estimation procedure using data for an unbalanced panel of 390 UK firms over the period of 1984–1996. Our results suggest that firms have long-term target borrowing ratios and they adjust to their target ratios relatively fast, which might suggest that the costs of being away from their target ratios are significant. The results also provide support for positive impact of size, and negative effects of growth opportunities, liquidity, profitability of firms and non-debt tax shields on the borrowing decisions of companies.     

放松卖空约束、现金持有水平及其市场价值——基于公司治理角度研究

基于放松卖空约束的政策实施,运用双重差分法考量放松卖空约束对现金持有行为影响及其产生的经济后果。结果显示：放松卖空约束增加了公司现金持有量,同时也增加了公司现金持有的边际市场价值;按照公司内部代理成本分组来看,内部代理成本越大的公司,放松卖空约束的治理效果越明显;进一步检验中,通过一系列稳健性检验发现主要结论依然成立;机制性检验表明放松卖空约束通过抑制公司过度投资行为增加了现金持有及其市场价值。结果表明：放松卖空约束作为一项重要的金融创新工具,可以通过外部治理监督作用缓解公司内部代理问题,从而影响上市公司现金持有行为。     

现金持有对资本结构动态调整的影响

本文通过我国2014-2018年上市企业的财务数据,探究上市公司现金持有对资本结构动态调整的影响,运用stata15软件进行多元回归,做了豪斯曼检验,发现使用固定效应更加合理.本文根据融资约束理论和代理成本理论,围绕现金持有水平如何影响公司资本结构的动态调整这一问题展开讨论,检验了上市公司资本结构动态调整的过程.结果显...     

Has the value of cash increased over time?

We document a dramatic increase in the market valuation of cash holdings of US firms from 1988 to 2013. The value of one dollar of cash has increased by $0.019 per year during the period, indicating that shareholders place more value on cash in recent years. We also find that the increasing trend in cash value is driven mainly by increases in institutional shareholdings and accounting conservatism. We further decompose cash change into cash flows from operation (CFO) and cash flows from investing and financing activities, and find that CFO is a significant driver of the increasing trend in cash value.     

Sukuk market development and Islamic banks’ capital ratios

This paper investigates the impact of Sukuk market development on Islamic banks’ capital ratios using a sample comprising 230 Islamic banks spanning the period 2005–2014. We characterize Islamic bank capital along multiple dimensions, namely: capital adequacy ratio, Tier 1 capital ratio, and capital-to-total assets ratio. We employ both the Prais-Winston technique and the system GMM estimator to tackle potential omitted variable bias, endogeneity, and simultaneity issues. The evidence shows that Sukuk market development has had a negative effect on capital ratios of Islamic banks. We argue that the development of Sukuk markets may have stimulated the competition between Islamic Banks, inducing them to hold lower capital ratios. Our results also show that trade openness and bank liquidity are positively and significantly related to capital ratios, while bank size and loan loss reserve ratio are negatively and significantly related to capital ratios, as expected.     

不同治理环境下制造业公司现金持有对其绩效影响研究

基于我国A股制造业上市公司2002~2011年数据,利用樊纲等编制的中国各地区市场化进程数据构建公司的治理环境,实证研究治理环境、公司现金持有与绩效之间的关系。研究发现,公司现金持有对其绩效产生了正面的影响,在治理环境差的地区这种影响更加明显。在治理环境好的地区,相对于国有公司,非国有公司现金持有对绩效的影响更大。在治理环境差的地区,国有公司和非国有公司的绩效对现金持有的敏感度差异较小。     

激进战略与企业现金持有——预防性动机还是代理动机

以2007-2016年A股非金融上市公司为样本,考察了公司战略激进程度对现金持有决策的影响,并从现金持有价值与竞争效应两个角度,探讨不同公司战略类型下现金持有经济后果的差异。研究结果显示：公司战略越激进,企业现金持有水平越高;并且战略越激进,现金持有价值越高,现金的竞争效应越强。进一步研究表明：随着融资约束和经济政策不确定性的提高,采取激进战略的公司,现金持有水平进一步提高。这说明公司战略是影响现金持有决策的重要因素,而战略激进的公司持有大量现金主要是出于预防性动机,而非代理动机。     

Banking deregulation,consolidation, and corporate cash holdings: U.S. evidence

This paper tests the effects of banking deregulation on the cash policies of nonbanking firms in the United States. We document a significant and negative relation between intrastate banking deregulation and corporate cash holdings. We show that the negative relation is driven by financially constrained firms, especially by constrained firms with low hedging needs. Further, we construct indexes measuring the intensity of bank consolidation in local markets. We find that the intensity of in-market bank mergers is negatively related to corporate cash holdings. However, in-market bank mergers in highly concentrated markets tend to be positively related to corporate cash holdings.     

反经济周期相对价格变动与现金持有——基于中国制造业全行业和细分行业的实证数据

采用中国 A 股制造业上市公司1998~2011年数据,探讨制造业全行业及其细分行业下反经济周期相对价格变动现象的存在;并引入现金持有这一财务资源,比较在不同现金持有水平下企业产品市场反经济周期相对价格变动的差异。研究发现反经济周期相对价格变动现象在中国制造业中存在,而现金持有较少的企业其反经济周期相对价格变动现象更为明显。同时在不同制造业细分行业中,反经济周期相对价格变动程度有所差异,现金持有的影响也发生变化。     

Cash holdings of politically connected firms

Politically connected firms benefit from soft-budget constraints and are unlikely to suffer from liquidity constraints. This argument suggests that politically connected firms should hold less cash than non-connected peers. Another view posits that these firms exhibit acute corporate governance problems. In this setting, politically connected firms are more likely to hold more cash than non-connected firms. Using a sample of 50,119 firm-year observations from 31 countries, we find that politically connected firms hold more cash than their non-connected peers. We put forth two explanations for this result. Firstly, politicians use politically connected firms as “cash cows” to advance their political agendas. Secondly, political connections are conducive to agency problems. In additional analyses, we find that the positive relationship between political connections and cash holdings is stronger when corporate governance is weak.     

投资者保护、大股东持股比例与现金持有量

以2005～2011年沪深两市A股391家上市公司为样本研究投资者保护、大股东持股比例和现金持有量的关系,研究结果表明,大股东持股比例与现金持有量间呈倒\"U\"型关系。进一步按照投资者保护程度的高低对样本进行分组,研究发现,当大股东持股比例小于48%时,投资者保护程度高的组,大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著正相关关系;当大股东持股比例大于48%时,投资者保护程度高的组,大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著负相关关系。