老年妇女社会参与现状及其影响因素——基于上海市调查数据的实证研究

利用调查数据对上海市老年妇女的社会参与现状进行分析.老年妇女倾向于更多参与体育锻炼、娱乐活动等社会活动形式,而较少参与志愿组织、老年协会和妇女组织等社会活动.多变量Logistic回归分析模型肯定了年龄、城乡、经济状况、婚姻状况、自理能力以及是否知晓参与项目和是否知晓服务项目7个变量对老年妇女的社会参与具有显著影响.老年妇女是否知晓参与项目对社会参与的影响强度最大,知晓程度在很大程度上决定了老年妇女的社会参与状况.     

社会经济地位对我国老年人健康状况的影响——基于中国老年健康影响因素调查的实证分析

基于2011年“中国老年健康影响因素调查”(CLHLS)数据,采用Logistic回归模型和路径分析法,以饮食方式、体育锻炼、社会参与和睡眠质量等为中介变量,实证分析社会经济地位对我国老年人健康状况的影响效应及其路径.经济状况和教育程度对我国老年人的自评健康和心理健康均有显著的正向影响,但职业特征的影响不显著.路径分析表明,社会经济地位对自评健康的总效应为0.094,其中直接效应为0.019,中介变量产生的间接效应为0.075.社会经济地位对心理健康的总效应为0.144,其中直接效应为0.083,中介变量产生的间接效应为0.061.因此,社会经济地位不仅对我国老年人自评健康和心理健康产生直接影响,并且通过中介变量对老年人自评健康和心理健康产生间接影响.社会经济地位对心理健康的间接效应弱于直接效应.政府在制定健康老龄政策的过程中,除应重视经济支持、社会保障等因素外,还应重视睡眠质量、饮食方式、体育锻炼和社会参与等中介变量在老年人健康促进中的作用.     

影响农民参加新型农村社会养老保险的因素——来自山东省入户调查的证据

本文利用山东省10市16县163个农户的调查数据,对农民参加农村社会养老保险的影响因素进行了实证分析。Probit回归分析表明,农民是否参加农村社会养老保险,主要受农民身体健康状况及子女养老能力等个人特征、家庭中儿子的数量及是否拥有党员等家庭特征、社区区位特征、农民的未来预期以及周围邻居行为等因素的影响。但没有证实农户的性别、年龄、教育程度等个人特征变量,家庭土地面积、家庭收入等家庭特征变量,村庄类型、有无村集体补助、信息对称等变量对农民是否参加农村社会养老保险具有显著性影响。     

中国城市老年人社区志愿服务参与现状与影响因素研究

使用老龄科研中心2000年和2010年的城乡老年人口调查数据,对我国城市老年人参与社区志愿服务的现状与影响因素进行了分析.城市老年人参与社区志愿服务存在高意愿、低参与的现象,影响其参与的主要因素包括人力资本(受教育程度、健康状况和经济状况)、社会资本(朋友关系)、文化资本(政治面貌)和社区宜居程度.各项资本越高,对社区宜居程度评价越高的老年人参与社区志愿服务的程度越高.社区宜居环境在人力资本对志愿服务参与的影响中存在部分中介效应,弱势老年群体对社区环境的评价更低,从而间接影响到志愿服务参与.     

中国城市退休老人参与老年大学的影响因素研究

利用“2000年中国城乡老年人口状况一次性抽样调查”和“2010年中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查”数据,分析城市老年大学的供给和参与的变化情况.中国城市老年大学存在参与不足的现象.进一步探讨生物属性、经济属性和社会属性对城市退休老人参与老年大学的影响.城市退休老人是否参与老年大学与其自身的心理状况、经济条件、社会属性均有显著关系,精力充沛、经济条件越好、受教育程度较高、党政机关/事业单位、帮助子女料理家务、愿意走出家门接触新鲜事物、喜欢结交朋友、邻里互动频率越高以及子女孝顺的城市退休老人参与老年大学的可能性更高.     

退休影响健康吗?——一种社会学实证研究的视角

退休作为一种社会生活事件性应激源,对于是否影响健康及对健康影响机制的研究结论尚未明确.基于2010年中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS2010),对退休事件影响我国社会成员健康的作用机制进行了探索性分析.退休是导致个体健康状况,包括身体健康状况和精神健康水平降低的重要因素之一.具体表现为:退休事件对个体的健康存在着显著的负向影响,即退休会在一定程度上导致健康水平的降低;退休事件对健康的影响存在着性别差异.相对于女性,退休对男性健康的负向影响更大.此外,健康也是退休与其他人口学特征、家庭变量及社会变量合力作用的结局,表现为受教育程度、婚姻状态、经济状况、锻炼频率等与退休事件合力对个体的健康水平产生了显著影响.     

空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究

以2008年苏州城乡老年空巢家庭养老状况的调查资料为基础,对城乡空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素进行了分析。超过半数的空巢老人不愿意与子女共同居住,而机构养老也并非空巢老人的最爱。在影响空巢老人是否愿意与子女共同居住的因素中,户籍因素最为重要,其次是与子女关系因素,最后是房屋建筑面积因素;而在影响空巢老人是否愿意入住养老机构的众多因素中,文化程度、儿子数量和养老金(养老补贴)数量这三个变量尤为重要。     

空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究

以2008年苏州城乡老年空巢家庭养老状况的调查资料为基础,对城乡空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素进行了分析.超过半数的空巢老人不愿意与子女共同居住,而机构养老也并非空巢老人的最爱.在影响空巢老人是否愿意与子女共同居住的因素中,户籍因素最为重要,其次是与子女关系因素,最后是房屋建筑面积因素;而在影响空巢老人是否愿意入住养老机构的众多因素中,文化程度、儿子数量和养老金(养老补贴)数量这三个变量尤为重要.     

农村妇女参与社区林业管理机制和制度设计

农村妇女是社区林业发展的主要力量,她们在社区林业管理和决策中的参与是林业可持续发展的重要因素。最近几十年,中国政府也开展了一系列鼓励社区及当地村民参与的林业项目,如自然保护区的合作共管项目、社会林业推广项目、退耕还林项目和生态林管护项目等。本文提出了提高妇女参与的制度建设和政策设计。     

旅游开发对大理和丽江少数民族妇女社会影响的比较研究

在民族地区发展旅游业的过程中,少数民族妇女是主要的参与者。由于民族地区大理和丽江的社会经济发展状况不同、地方政府发展旅游业的方针政策有差异、旅游业发展程度以及少数民族妇女在传统社会经济文化中所扮演的社会角色不同,所以,旅游开发对两地少数民族妇女的社会文化影响也有所不同。     

Individual, Social and Organizational Sources of Sharing and Variation in the Ethical Reasoning of Managers

A growth in consumer and media ethical consciousness has resulted in the need for organizations to ensure that members understand, share and project an approved and unified set of ethics. Thus understanding which variables are related to sharing and variation of ethical reasoning and moral intent, and the relative strength of these variables is critical. While past research has examined individual (attitudes, values, etc.), social (peers, significant others, etc.) and organizational (codes of conduct, senior management, etc.) variables, it has focused on their influence on the individual – and not on their role in relation to patterns of group sharing and variation in an organization. Introduced as a new methodology to study ethics, microcultural analysis stipulates that to explain patterns of sharing and variation, one must understand how individual, social and organizational variables influence sharing and variation. Key hypotheses predict that managers who share in individual, social or organizational determinants will be more likely to share in ethical reasoning and moral intent. Qualitative and quantitative research supports the key hypotheses, finding social ties, personal moral intensity, Machiavellianism, locus of control and codes of ethics as significant determinants. Individuals who share in these determinants are more likely to share in ethical reasoning and moral intent. Additionally, regression analysis reveals social ties and personal moral intensity to be the strongest determinants. Based on these results, managerial recommendations focus on a holistic approach, manipulating these three determinants to cultivate a unified code of ethics within an organization.     

Chinese immigrants in network marketing business in Western host country context

Many Chinese immigrants start their entrepreneurship business by joining major network marketing businesses in Western host countries. The willingness of these Chinese immigrants to undertake network marketing rests on the influence of the social environment of the network marketing organization. Network marketing specific self-efficacy, social competence and motivation for establishing one's own business are also hypothesized to play an important role in their engagement in entrepreneurial actions. Drawing upon Bandura's social cognitive theory and the immigrant entrepreneurship literature, the present study investigates whether the social environmental influence of a network marketing organization affects the extent to which Chinese immigrants develop the self-efficacy, social competence and motivation to establish their own business and how these variables affect the actions undertaken in the host country. The study is based on the sample of 194 Chinese immigrants in their adopted host country, Australia. The findings of the survey suggest that the social environment within network marketing organizations positively affects self-efficacy, which in turn positively affects the entrepreneurial actions undertaken by Chinese immigrants in conducting their network marketing business. Social environmental influence impacts positively on their motivation to establish their own network marketing business and social competence. However the effects of motivation and social competence on entrepreneurial action were not supported. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.     

Towards a Model of Corporate and Social Stakeholder Engagement: Analyzing the Relations Between a French Mutual Bank and Its Members

The aim of this article is to develop a new classification of stakeholders based on the concept of corporate and social engagement. Engagement is analyzed as an organizational learning process between the managers of an organization and its stakeholders. It is a necessary condition to improve the organization’s impact on its economic, social, and natural environment. Applied to the membership of a French mutual bank in order to identify the members’ varying levels of engagement, this new mapping technique may help managers to adapt their practices to the degree of engagement of each identified group of members, and to modify their financial products and communications to foster engagement among as many of these groups as possible.     

参与农产品电商能够提升农村女性有薪劳动绩效吗？——基于10省种植户家庭跟踪数据

在农业女性化的趋势下，农产品电商模式和布局优化有助于提升女性劳动的内生动力和劳动参与绩效。文章基于10个省份2014年至2020年13068户农村女性的跟踪数据，构建倾向得分匹配下的内生扩展双重差分和溢出双重差分模型，验证电商参与对女性劳动绩效的影响和溢出机制。结果表明：农产品电商参与显著提升了农村女性的劳动收入和占比，对单位时间劳动报酬影响不显著；农产品电商参与对女性劳动增收存在溢出效应，未参与家庭电商的女性能够从社会距离适中的参与家庭处获得最大的区域电商模式红利。因此，应借助电商产销优势激励女性劳动参与，鼓励各类企业针对女性技能优势开发通勤劳动岗位并提高时薪标准，推进农村电商社会网络特色共享和良性发展。     

Toward understanding business student professional development engagement

Professional development engagement (PDE) is defined as the level of perceived undergraduate engagement in professional development activities. An 11-item measure of PDE exhibited a good reliability. Using a complete data sample of 467 graduating business undergraduates, four variable sets (student background or precollege variables, college-related variables, organization-related variables, and motivation-related variables) each explained significant incremental variance in PDE. Significant individual correlates of PDE included joining a student professional organization and motivation to attend business school. One outcome suggests that business schools need to leverage technology more aggressively to deliver professional development content both asynchronously and synchronously to more of their undergraduates.     

Do they shop to stand out or fit in? The luxury fashion purchase intentions of young adults

A three‐study examination of young adults suggests that their motivation for status in terms of their luxury fashion purchase intentions is impacted by a bandwagon effect. In Study 1, qualitative research informs what fashion items represent status to young adults, how they view these items, and how they view others owning these items. In Study 2, survey research establishes the link between the motivation for status (status consumption) and purchase intention/ownership of these fashion items. In Study 3, a national survey of young adults examines what mediates and moderates the motivation for status to lead to luxury fashion purchase intentions. Results from the three studies indicate that status consumption has a positive impact on purchase intention of luxury fashion. This research also finds that cultural variables have an impact (mediate) the relationship between status consumption and purchase intention. Specifically, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity mediate the relationship between status consumption and purchase intention. Finally, the moderating impact of the bandwagon effect has a significant effect on the relationship between status consumption and fashion purchase intention for the cultural variables of uncertainty avoidance, long‐term orientation, and power distance. Implications for marketers are provided based on the findings.     

Tweeting like Elon? Provocative language,new-venture status,and audience engagement on social media

This article theorizes and empirically investigates how status and provocative language influence audience engagement with new-venture posts on social media platforms. Using venture capital funding as a status proxy, we analyzed 369,142 Twitter posts by 268 new ventures. We found that status (1) increases engagement with ventures' tweets, and that it (2) moderates the effect of provocative language on audience engagement so that provocative language has a negative effect for low-status ventures but a positive effect for high-status ventures. Post-hoc analyses provide a basis for pragmatic theorizing and explore the effects of status tiers and subdimensions of provocative language.     

Consumers' engagement with social media activation campaigns: Construct conceptualization and scale development

This study conceptualizes the consumers' engagement with social media activation campaigns, which are important tools in improving the interactions between brands and consumers. We offer a comprehensive definition of this construct and discuss the nature and dimensionality of it. Further, this paper reports the development and validation of a 12‐item scale for measuring the aforementioned construct. This scale development process comprises four studies. Study 1 begins by generating a pool of items and then employs both a panel of experts and some Instagram users to examine the content validity of the items. To validate the scale, this paper carries out several online surveys in subsequent studies. Study 2 uses exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to remove the problematic items and evaluate the dimensionality of the construct. In Study 3, we conduct iterative CFAs to purify the scale and reassess the psychometric properties of the scale. Study 4 uses structural equation modeling to test the nomological validity. Our analyses reveal that consumers' engagement with social media activation campaigns is a second‐order construct encompassing three first‐order dimensions (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement). The results also support the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, known group validity, and nomological validity of the engagement scale.     

An examination of the relationship between women's personal goals and structural factors influencing their decision to start a business: The case of Pakistan

Most of the work on women entrepreneurs in developing countries relates largely to those who are uneducated and very poor, working in the rural areas or the urban informal sectors. Few studies have attempted to study women entrepreneurs in the urban formal sectors in developing countries, the category of women corresponding to the women entrepreneurs studied in the Western world.Furthermore, most of these studies, conducted largely by international development agencies, have tended to focus on issues from a macroperspective. They assume that women entrepreneurs in developing countries are a homogeneous group, with similar experiences in starting a business.This study departs from earlier research in two major ways. First, it focuses on actual and potential women entrepreneurs in the urban formal sector. Second, adopting a symbolic interactionist approach, it tries to take a closer look at women's experiences in starting a business. Hence, it focuses on women's perceptions and the way they define their goals and the advantages and constraints they face in starting a business at a micro level.Data for the study were gathered through in-depth interviews of 33 participants of an entrepreneurship development program (EDP) run in Karachi, Pakistan. Sixteen of these were women who started a business after attending the EDP. The other 17 women did not start a business, although they had originally intended to do so.The study revealed that women wanted to start a business in order to achieve three types of personal goals: personal freedom, security, and satisfaction.Freedom seekers were mostly women who had experienced some kind of frustration or dissatisfaction in their paid work, and who now wanted to start their own business in order to have the freedom to choose the type of work, hours of work, work environment, and the people they worked with.Security seekers were mostly women who, triggered by some personal mishap (such as death or retirement of husband), wanted to start a business in order to maintain or improve their and their family's social and economic status. An important reason why most of these women opted for their own business rather than paid work was the flexibility that self-employment offered in terms of location (close to home, working from home) and hours of work, to which paid jobs could not cater.The satisfaction seekers were mostly housewives, with no previous work experience, who wanted to start a business in order to prove to themselves and to others that they are useful and productive members of society.The impact of structural factors on women's ability to start a business varied according to the dominant personal goal women had chosen. Structural factors influencing start-up were divided into three categories: internal resources, that is, women's qualifications and/or work experience; external resources, that is, finance and location; and relational resources, that is, family, employees, suppliers, and customers.The relationship between women's personal goals and structural factors influencing start-up led to the development of a conceptual framework that could help explain why some women, despite apparently unfavorable circumstances, succeeded in starting a business, whereas others even under apparently favorable circumstances did not do so.Understanding the different goals women pursue and how the relationship between these goals and the structural factors influenced start-up can be of great help to researchers, planners, as well as practitioners working to promote women entrepreneurs. This understanding can lead to the development of more finely tuned policies and programs of support that not only recognize that women have different goals for wanting to start a business, but that their needs and experiences in starting up vary according to their particular goals for business ownership.     

The Causal Effect of Corporate Governance on Corporate Social Responsibility

In this article, we examine the empirical association between corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement by investigating their causal effects. Employing a large and extensive US sample, we first find that while the lag of CSR does not affect CG variables, the lag of CG variables positively affects firms’ CSR engagement, after controlling for various firm characteristics. In addition, to examine the relative importance of stakeholder theory and agency theory regarding the associations among CSR, CG, and corporate financial performance (CFP), we also examine the relation between CSR and CFP. After correcting for endogeneity bias, our results show that CSR engagement positively influences CFP, supporting the conflict-resolution hypothesis based on stakeholder theory, but not the CSR overinvestment argument based on agency theory. Furthermore, firms’ CSR engagement with the community, environment, diversity, and employees plays a significantly positive role in enhancing CFP.