Entry-Deterring Capacity in the Texas Lodging Industry

This paper empirically tests whether capacity is used to deter entry and whether the amount invested in entry-deterring capacity is related to market concentration and market presence. We use a unique dataset containing 3,830 lodging properties in Texas from 1991 through 1997. We find that there is higher investment in capacity relative to demand (i.e., idle capacity) in markets with a larger Herfindahl index and by firms with a larger share of market capacity. These results are consistent with the entry deterrence literature that suggests firms in more concentrated markets and firms with a larger market share have greater incentive to invest in entry-deterring capacity.     

To pay or not to pay — the role of monetary incentives in an optimal blood donation service bundle

• This study derives four attributes that make up the typical blood donation service bundle. It focuses on the role of monetary incentives in such bundles, but also discusses three other attributes, namely the offering organization, the distance to donation location, and the donation time. Each attribute is discussed in the context of a blood donation marketing mix. In an empirical conjoint study, 529 potential blood donors evaluate different designs of blood donation service bundles. Monetary incentives are found to be the most important factor when donors compare different blood donation service bundles. It is found that the distance to the donation location is almost as important as monetary incentives. Blood donation organizations aiming to collect all blood donations from unremunerated blood donors should therefore shape their service bundles to be attractive for potential blood donors. It is concluded that nonpaying blood donation organizations have to offer superior convenience to their donors to be able to compensate for not offering monetary incentives. Operating with mobile donation teams is one of the concrete suggestions for blood donation marketing that are given in this study.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capital budgeting with technology choice and demand fluctuations in a simple manufacturing model: Sample calculations and observations on output flexibility

In capital budgeting with technology choice and demand fluctuations errors can arise if managers unitize fixed costs and do not make proper allowance for expected idle capacity. In a standard-cost system, managers and accountants should use as the standard cost E(AC), the expected average cost, employing a procedure shown in the paper. Managers should compare E(AC) and the short-run-average-cost minimum, an output-flexibility indicator proposed by the author. The more output flexible is the equipment, the less of an increase in costs to a firm if there are wider fluctuations in output rates than planned.     

Reward for organ donation: is it effective or not as a promotion strategy?

This study aims to investigate the effects of the rewards for organ donation as a promotion strategy, which is part of a campaign to promote organ donation in Korea by the non‐profit organization Korean Network for Organ Sharing. This study examines how the effects of rewards for organ donation differ in terms of reward types, public self‐consciousness, and stages of change. An interaction effect between types of reward, stage of change, and the degree of public self‐consciousness was found. Reward type and stage of change were found to function as moderators of the effect of public self‐consciousness on the intention to register for organ donation. The effect of public self‐consciousness on the intention for organ donation was positive and statistically significant among those who were in the contemplation stage and exposed to non‐material types of reward. On the other hand, the effect of public self‐consciousness on the intention for organ donation was negative among those in the pre‐contemplation stage and exposed to material types of reward. Practical implications for organ donation organizations are suggested. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市闲置土地的生成机理及治理

由于现行闲置土地治理体系的不完善,部分土地资源遵循一定机理转变为了闲置土地,加剧了土地市场的混乱无序状态,造成了资源和资产的浪费,严重阻碍了经济社会的可持续发展。通过制度分析方法,探究其内在机理、现实根源与治理架构,得出以下结论:土地闲置的政治成本和经济成本很小而利润巨大,进而在政府原因、企业原因和历史原因的直接影响下出现大量的闲置土地,因此要从完善法律制度建设,改变土地闲置巨大利差的现实入手,构建闲置土地治理框架,并在相关配套建设的支撑下有效解决闲置土地问题。     

Psychographic clustering of blood donors in Egypt using Kohonen's self‐organizing maps

• Blood donation has historically been marketed as one of the purest examples of altruistic or pro‐social behavior. The recruitment of blood donors is, however, a challenge as transfusion centers worldwide strive to attract and retain blood donors. This study uses self‐organizing maps (SOM) to examine the effect of various psychographic and cognitive factors on blood donation in Egypt. SOM is a machine learning method that can be used to explore patterns in large and complex datasets for linear and nonlinear patterns. The results show that major variables affecting blood donation are related to altruistic values, perceived risks of blood donation, blood donation knowledge, attitudes toward blood donation, and intention to donate blood. The study also shows that SOM models are capable of improving clustering quality while extracting valuable information from multidimensional data.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marketing expense and financial performance in arts and cultural organizations

Nonprofit arts and cultural organizations use marketing to sustain viability. This study uses data from the Cultural Data Project to examine the effects of marketing on revenue in arts and cultural organizations. The current analysis demonstrates that total marketing expense is positively related to total revenue. Marketing expense used for fund‐raising positively influences donation income, as intended, whereas commercial income is not affected. Alternatively, marketing expense for programs positively influences both commercial income, as intended, and donation income. The novel finding from this study is that marketing expense mainly targeting non‐donor ticket buyers not only increases commercial income but also augments donation income in arts and cultural organizations.     

Influence of knowledge,bodily integrity,religion and media on attitudes toward organ donation on the university campus

This study examines the influence of knowledge, bodily integrity, religion, and media on attitudes toward organ donation on University campus. A total of 724 participants completed surveys for this study a multivariate regression model was used to test the effects of these factors on participants' attitudes toward organ donation. The variable sets considered are the knowledge of organ donation, bodily integrity, religion, media, and attitudes toward organ donation. The results suggest that the effect of knowledge, bodily integrity, religion, and media influences the intention to donate organs. There is a positive relationship between the knowledge levels of participants on the University campus and belief levels and organ donation attitudes, and the fear of disintegration of their bodies is still an obstacle to organ donation. The paper indicates how it is possible to distinguish different components of organ donation behavior and to present the conclusions regarding the context on a University campus. The findings extend the exchanges with respect to the part of beliefs in the intentions of organ donation and arrangement of attitudes and have a significant incentive in making open approaches that further promote organ donation.     

对中小企业短期闲置资金管理探讨

本文通过对闲置资金管理概述,阐明了闲置资金管理对于企业发展的重要性,指出企业在进行闲置资金理财过程中出现的问题,对可能出现的问题进行原因分析,最后提出加强企业进行闲置资金管理的必要措施。     

Queues with hyper-poisson arrivals and bulk exponential service

Summary In this paper the time-dependent solution of a queueing system is discussed under the conditions (i) the units arrive according to Hyper-Poisson distribution withl branches (ii) the queue-discipline is ‘first come first served’ (iii) the Service-time distribution is exponential with maximum capacity ofM units being served at one instant. Some results have been obtained when the waiting space is finite; in particular the probability for service to be idle has been obtained. Also for infinite queueing-space case, the expressions for the state probabilities and the mean queuelength under steady state conditions have been found.     

信任环境、政企关联与企业捐赠 ——基于企业所有权的视角

基于委托代理理论,从企业所有权视角对信任环境与企业捐赠之间的关系进行实证研究,并且进一步分析政治关联对两者之间关系的影响,结果显示:从整体来看,信任环境与企业捐赠显著负相关,即制度环境的改善抑制了高管的机会主义行为,捐赠的代理问题得到缓解,但在根据控股股东性质对样本进行分组检验后发现,上述现象仅在国有控股企业中存在。政企关联削弱了信任环境对企业捐赠的影响,加剧了捐赠的代理问题,但这种现象主要体现在非国有控股企业中。非国有控股企业之所以甘愿承担政企关联所带来的更严重的捐赠代理成本,原因在于其主要想通过政企关联来发挥捐赠的政企纽带效应,以达到获取政府补贴的目的,而这种现象在国有控股企业中并不存在。     

基于烟草物流的工商联合配送研究

结合烟草运输调度系统存在的车辆管理松散、运输计划不合理、车辆空载严重等问题,提出了工商联合配送的设计方案,并设计相应的数学模型。利用工商联合调度可以实现车辆接收任务的自由化和全面化,使闲置车辆数目大大减少,降低整个区域的运输成本,减少交叉性或重复性的运输活动,提高运输效率。     

Cash may be king,but goods are queen: Marketing for noncash donations by nonprofit organizations

To thrive and survive, nonprofit organizations should always seek new sources of donations. Although many of these entities are laser-focused on obtaining cash and other similar forms of funds from their donors, they should not forget the abundant donation type that is also available to them: noncash goods. The process of marketing to donors for these goods is unique compared to fundraising for cash. Consequently, the goal of this study is multifaceted: to remind nonprofit organizations of the availability of noncash goods as a donation source, encourage them to unlock this trove through marketing, and provide them with recommendations on how to do so.     

城郊闲置土地复耕后二次补偿纷争成因与规制——以芜湖市为例

在我国城市化进程快速推进的过程中,城郊出现了大量长期闲置的土地,一些地块由农民自发进行了复耕。当再次开发利用这些闲置土地时,不断发生关于二次补偿的纷争,时常会引发群体性事件,造成恶劣的社会影响,使之成为当前城市发展中亟待解决的问题之一。分析这种现象的原因,主要是对闲置土地的认定和处置不力,以及对闲置土地处置过程中形成的增值收益分配不公。因此,必须通过加强用地管理,避免土地大规模闲置;完善相关法律规定,促进农民分享土地增值收益,从而对二次补偿纷争进行合理规避和妥善化解。     

Exploring conspicuousness in the context of donation behaviour

• The study of donation behaviour has been significant in recent years as charitable organisations realise the value of marketing strategies in order for growth and survival. Consequently, in recent years the growing trend, to increase awareness of charities and generate much-needed funds, has been the sale of empathy ribbons and the like (e.g. red noses etc.). However, it is argued that the motivation behind the purchase of empathy ribbons is largely ostentatious rather than altruistic and, thus, is viewed under the broader umbrella of ‘conspicuous compassion’ (West, 2004). As such, this paper documents a conceptualization of monetary donation behaviour which we term ‘conspicuous donation behaviour’ and, in doing so, we provide a number of research propositions which pre-empt new avenues for future research.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Attracting potential blood donors: The role of personality and social marketing

Globally, society has been facing several and growing health problems, which increased the importance of efforts towards social change. In this context, using social marketing to create and implement programs that foster behavioural change has increased in the public health community. One of the health problems that society has been facing is the unceasing need for blood products, so the subject of blood donation became an important research topic in the area of social marketing, as social marketing strategies can contribute to solving this problem. It is essential to understand the factors that motivate individuals to donate blood, to enhance the recruitment and retention of blood donors. Our study aims at evaluating the key personality factors that influence blood donation behaviour to reach a higher understanding of what concerns this global issue. The method used to analyse the data is ANOVA. We conclude that the Personality of potential donors is significantly different from the non-donors' regarding Openness to Experience and Agreeableness. These results suggest that potential donors might perceive blood donation, as well as the associated barriers, differently from non-donors. Based on our findings, we suggest some perspectives for future research in this area.     

Capacity utilization and the shift coefficient in Soviet planning

Conclusion In the eighties greater emphasis has been placed on intensification of growth in the Soviet Union. Soviet planners are now confronted with the task of improving their knowledge of existing capacity and their means of control over both capacity utilization and expansion. Imperfect knowledge has become a major hindrance to a better allocation of resources. Information is limited and biased. The ministries tend to overestimate capacity utilization by excluding from the estimates of their equipment machines in storage or recently installed. The CSA's statistics are biased by inadequate statistical methods and by the reliance on physical indicators. They tend to overestimate actual capacity and consequently to underestimate capacity utilization.Amongst the available indicators on capacity utilization, planners focus more on the shift coefficient. All industry is presently under pressure to increase this coefficient. However in most engineering branches the equipment shift coefficient is estimated on the basis of enterprises' data on workers' attendances, which—however stable the capital labour ratio may be—cannot give evidence of idle equipment due to technical, organizational and other factors, which could be conventionally defined planning failures and that official censuses on capacity utilization show to be increasingly important. Thus the confidenence on information obtained through the estimated shift coefficient may lead to misplacing the emphasis on a human factor, e.g. on voluntarism. Labour shortages may not be a crucial factor for incomplete capacity utilization as long as most industry works on a two shift regime. But a higher shift regime, particularly in branches with prevalent female labour, may provoke increasing turnover and need for auxiliary repair and servicing personnel, which may jeopardize the policy of intensification. Coeteris paribus the utilization of the workers shift coefficient as a proxy for the equipment shift coefficient may have been justified as long as the capital labour elasticity of substitution was almost nil. However, increasing automation and computerization may aggravate the problem of obtaining correct information on shift and intra-shift capacity utilization. Intrashift capacity utilization may even decrease when the shift regime increases. If decisions on writing off capacity were taken on the basis of a falling workers' shift coefficient, enterprises could be induced to renounce advance technology, in favour of traditional equipment. This, in turn, could aggravate the problem of labour shortage.In default of a proper system of information, planners need to focus on the functioning and achievements of leading industry, which is more closely monitored. One may assume that this section of industry works with automated technology and is at the forefront of the process of adapting the industrial apparatus to present day technological requirements.University of Verona, Verona, Italy. The author is indebted to Philip Hanson, Judith Thornton and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. The research was undertaken at the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham and the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Washington. The support of both institutions is gratefully acknowledged.     

中国食品加工制造类上市企业社会捐赠与经济绩效关系研究

本文以2010至2013年的40家食品加工制造类上市企业为样本,实证分析了企业的捐赠支出与经济绩效之间的关系。研究表明,企业的捐赠支出与经济绩效呈显著的正相关关系;企业的广告支出与经济绩效呈正相关关系,但不显著;还表明民营企业的捐赠支出对经济绩效的影响效果大于国营企业。根据实证结果,本文认为,政府和媒体应结合自己的特点,对捐赠企业进行正面的引导,提高捐赠企业的积极性,从而形成良好的社会捐赠氛围。     

时间框架对捐赠意愿的影响

探讨募捐信息的统计数据呈现方式是否会对捐赠意愿有所影响,即究竟是短时间框架与低数值结合,还是长时间框架与高数值结合的表述更能引发个体捐赠行为。解释水平理论认为更短的时间框架表述会使事件距离更近,而基于基础概率谬误理论,人们在进行主观概率判断时倾向于使用具体突出信息而忽略掉基础信息。两种理论应用于此将得出相反结论。研究结果表明解释水平理论是时间框架对捐赠意愿影响的作用机制。短时间框架下个体感知的事件距离更近,因而捐赠意愿更高,并且这种效应对未来结果关注度低的人作用显著,对未来结果关注度高的人无明显区别,解决了将时间与数值信息结合的框架效应的理论矛盾,为慈善机构改善募捐策略提供了启发和实践方法。     

How website information decreases intangibility and influences donation

The purpose of this article is to understand how online marketing communications influence donors. This article postulates, in the online arena, by taking the intangible and making it real, definite, solid, or easily grasped, one can positively impact donation. The data were collected in a lab where respondents from a university in the southwest United States explored a well-known nonprofit website. Following the exploration, they responded to a series of survey questions. The findings show that a well-designed website decreases perceptions of intangibility and increases donation. For inexperienced donors, the affective aspects of the site are more influential in determining donation. Our study is one of the first to focus on how specific information on a nonprofit website may influence donation with regards to intangibility. Our work was limited by the use of students and hypothetical situations. By utilizing cognitively and affectively laden website characteristics effectively, nonprofits can influence decision making and subsequent donation through organizational perceptions of intangibility.