平等权实现的法律途径

平等权既是一项法律原则,也是一项基本权利.平等权的法律特征要求我们追求形式平等基础上更为合理的相对的近似平等,为实现公民的平等权需要在立法、执法、司法方面提供保障.     

女性延迟退休：养老与平等的双重目标

老龄化社会的加速来临给我国养老保险制度的巩固和可持续发展带来了严峻挑战。就长期而言,延迟法定退休年龄是应对老龄化的有效措施,也是客观趋势。现行的女性提前退休政策给养老保险和性别平等带来了机制性障碍。作为渐次延迟整体退休年龄的第一步,率先延迟女性退休年龄,使之与男性同龄退休,兼具养老与性别平等的双重意义;女性平均预期寿命的延长、受教育水平的提高等,为延迟退休提供了可能性：渐进、差别和有弹性的退休政策则是女性延迟退休的现实选择。     

再议公民的平等权

作为宪法的基本权利,公民的平等权备受人们关注,通过剖析公民平等权的含义,分析其宪法渊源,对比司法平等和立法平等,旨在提出有效实施公民平等权的建议。     

论我国社会主义市场经济条件下教育平等权及其实现方式

教育平等权是我国宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利,但教育平等权是具有历史的范畴,无论是其内容还是实现方式,都决定于社会的经济关系、经济结构和一定的社会生产力水平.现阶段我国社会主义市场经济这一重要经济形式,影响并决定着教育平等权的内容和实现方式.在我国社会主义市场经济条件下,教育平等权有何特点?其内容是什么?教育平等权有哪些实现的方式?对这些问题的研究,不仅有助于我们对教育平等权的正确理解,而且有助于正确的教育政策的制定与实施,促进我国宪法赋予公民的教育平等权的实现.     

浅议平等就业权

法律是一种衡量正义与非正义的标准。法的平等价值的体现必须是对全社会每一个人的平等自由权利的保障,而不是对个别人、个别利益集团的权利的保障,如果只是为了满足一部分人的权利需求,权利就蜕变成了特权,就是对普遍的平等权利的背叛。     

生会性别视角下的男女差龄退休问题

随着我国经济发展、人们生活与医疗技术水平的提高,人均寿命明显延长,我国退休年龄政策越来越不适应现代社会经济发展形势了。随着今年退休年龄延迟政策提出,退休问题成为人们热议的话题,同时,男女差龄退休问题也受到了人们关注。     

论平等权在我国的实现

平等权是一种以公民为主体的请求权。平等权是一项概括性、原则性的权利。平等权具有相对性。在我国目前还存在着侵犯公民平等权的现象。平等权的实现还需要有效的救济渠道。针对立法侵犯公民平等权问题,主要通过宪法救济渠道予以解决;针对在法律适用和其他领域侵犯公民平等权的问题,主要通过司法和制度救济的渠道予以解决。     

浅谈我国农民的平等权

法律面前人人平等是我国宪法明文规定的一项基本原则,但占我国人口大多数的农村人口是否享有平等权值得人们深思。在建设社会主义和谐社会的今天,实现农民的平等权等公民权利已成为不可忽视也不可逃避的现实问题。对农民的歧视对待的现象应该得到改善,本文通过分析当前社会农民权利现状,以农民平等权为视角,分析我国农民平等权缺失的原因以及实现农民平等保护的有效途径。     

试论我国农民经济平等权的保护

平等权是公民的基本权利之一,其本质是反对歧视,禁止不合理的差别对待。本文将以农民的经济平等权作为研究对象,在三农问题重新被重视,城市化、法制化进程加快的社会背景下,探索我国农民平等权的政策和有效途径。     

和谐社会构建中我国公民平等权的实现

和谐社会倡导以人为本。平等权是公民的一项最重要的宪法权利。平等权具有相对性,平等允许合理差别。平等权的实现通常分为两个方面,适用法律的平等和立法上的平等。在我国,我们应通过建立和完善违宪审查和宪法诉讼制度,对公民平等权提供更有效的救济。     

Boosting the Employment Rate of Older Men and Women

European countries need to expand employment among older individuals. Many papers have examined this issue from different angles. However, very few seem to have considered its gender dimension properly, despite evidence that lifting the overall senior employment rate requires significantly raising that of women older than 50. The key issue examined by this paper is whether employers are willing to employ more older workers, in particular older women. The answer depends to a large extent on the ratio of older individuals’ productivity to their cost to employers. To address this question we tap into a unique firm-level panel of Belgian data to produce robust evidence on the causal effect of age/gender on productivity and labour costs. We take advantage of the panel structure to identify age/gender-related differences from within-firm variation. Moreover, inspired by recent developments in the production function estimation literature, we address the problem of endogeneity of the age/gender mix, using a structural production function estimator (Olley and Pakes in Econometrica 64(6):1263–1297, 1996; Levinsohn and Petrin in Rev Econ Stud 70(2):317–341, 2003) alongside IV-GMM methods where lagged value of labour inputs are used as instruments. Our results indicate a small negative impact of larger shares of older men on the productivity-labour cost ratio. An increment of 10%-points of in their share causes a 0.17–0.69%-point contraction. However, the main result is that the equivalent handicap with older women is larger, ranging from 1.3 to 2.0%-points. This is not good news for older women’s employability. And the vast services industry does not seem to offer working conditions that mitigate older women’s disadvantage, on the contrary.     

浅谈塞克斯顿诗中的两性关系

两性关系是美国诗人安妮.塞克斯顿诗歌作品中的一个重要主题。诗人在多篇诗作中描写了存在于现代社会中各种各样的两性关系。塞克斯顿以女性视角细腻地传达出现代女性在恋爱与婚姻中的感受和遭遇,有爱情的甜蜜,也有不幸和痛苦。     

中国妇女退休年龄的法经济学分析

从退休前后相对收入变化的角度来看，我国养老保险制度中有关男女职工不同退休年龄的规定就总体来说是对女性不利的。除部分低收入者外，大部分女职工的养老金相对水平会因早退休而下降。退休年龄的差异使得男女职工退休前的收入差距在退休后进一步扩大，并且也造成人力资本的巨大浪费。为了改变这种不合理现象，需要重新审视我国的退休政策，提高女性退休年龄，把男女同龄退休纳入退休和养老保险制度改革的综舍考虑之中；推行弹性退休制度具有实现老年人力资源的开发利用、有助于养老保险的基金平衡等优势。     

以色列产权改革的途径和前景

上世纪八九十年代,以色列政府对国有企业实施了一系列产权改革政策,开始由准社会主义体制向自由经济体制转型,其改革途径和模式对我国现阶段的国企产权改革有一定的借鉴作用。     

The Wage Gap between Men and Women in Botswana's Formal Labour Market

This study looks at the wage gap between men and women in Botswana'sformal sector labour market. The wage gap is decomposed usingOaxaca's decomposition methodology. This method breaks downearnings differences into two parts: one part is due to differencesin characteristics between men and women, while the other partis due to differences in rewards to those characteristics inthe labour market. The latter has often been interpreted asa measure of the extent of the discrimination against women.The results of the decomposition exercise shows that there isrelatively less discrimination in the public sector, while inthe private sector discrimination against women is a major factorexplaining the differences in their earnings.     

物权法视野下的农村宅基地使用权流转制度

农村宅基地使用权的基本法律特征是用益物权属性。物权法对于确立宅基地使用权的用益物权形态和维护农民合法权益具有重要意义。但形式上的物权化并未真正解决农村宅基地使用权在现实运作中特别是流转上存在的问题。如何在现行法律制度下进一步完善农村宅基地使用权流转制度,是当前我们迫切需要解决的一个重要问题。     

知识产权视角下校企共同研发的激励约束机制——一个研究框架

随着高科技产业技术变革速度加快,紧密、长期的校企合作是产业发展的必然要求,也是高校科技成果转化、科研活动市场导向的重要渠道。将校企共同研发(Research Joint Venture, RJV)视为“不完全信息条件下最优合约” 问题,基于激励-约束均衡的思路,将“收益分成”、“成果产权归属”作为合作研发的激励因素,并通过“事前专用资产投资”、“事中研发努力监督”、“事后产权使用约束”,完善约束机制,建立收益分配模型,为合作方缔约、履约、监督提供决策支持,获得在产权安排、校所衍生企业等问题上的决策依据。     

创业生态系统视角下众创空间集聚区发展模式研究

近年来,我国各地都引进或成立了数量可观的众创空间,在相应的地理区域内形成众创空间集聚区,但发展却良莠不齐。为探索众创空间集聚区发展模式,以北京中关村创业大街和苏州金鸡湖创业长廊为代表进行了案例分析。研究结果显示应围绕多样性、网络性、共生性、竞争性、自我维持性及区域性等结构特征,以及资源汇聚、价值交换和平衡调节等运行机制,结合本地产业和科技基础来设计和实施相应的众创空间集聚区发展模式。     

The Impact of an Increase in the Legal Retirement Age on the Effective Retirement Age

We analyze the impact of an increase in the legal retirement age on the effective retirement age in the Netherlands. We do this by means of a dynamic programming model for the retirement behavior of singles. The model is applied to new administrative data that contain very accurate and detailed information on individual incomes and occupational pension entitlements. Our model is able to capture the main patterns observed in the data. We observe that as individuals get older their labor supply declines considerably and this varies by age and gender. We simulate the current pension reform which aims at gradually increasing the legal retirement age from 65 to 67 and a hypothetical reform that immediately increases the retirement age to 67. The simulation results show a small impact on the effective retirement age for the first reform and a bigger impact for the second reform. Respectively, individuals postpone their retirement by \(<\) 1 month and 7 months on average; while differences across individuals mainly depend on their gender and health status.     

More Rights but Less Gains: Relaxed Birth Control Policy and the Loss for Women

In view of its aging population, China initiated in 2012 a relaxed birth control policy after a three-decades-long implementation of the restrictive one-child policy. This paper examines how China's relaxed birth control policy leads to gender inequality. It specifically focuses on migrant workers because they account for a significant portion of the working group. Using the National Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey from 2014 to 2016, we found that China's two-child pilot policy reduced female labor force participation by 1.4 percentage points. This negative effect was more pronounced for women with higher educational levels or working in the private sector because employers foresee greater risks of productivity decline. We demonstrated that the gender pay gap increased from RMB956 to RMB1,053 during this same period. Pinpointing these unintended consequences brought about by the relaxation of the one-child policy helps provide a more complete picture of inequality and make sense of persistent relative poverty in Chinese society. To counteract gender discrimination, females are advised to work outside their home jurisdictions and take advantage of positive peer effects.