收入增长和收入分配对城市减贫的影响

本文基于对贫困的分解,运用贫困弹性的动态特征,选取《中国统计年鉴》相关年份城市住户分组数据,深入分析收入增长和收入分配因素对中国1991-2009年间城市绝对贫困和相对贫困的影响。结果表明:(1)高速的经济增长对我国城市绝对贫困率下降起决定性作用,但收入分配恶化对城市相对贫困率上升有显著影响。(2)收入水平越高,则收入因素对城市减贫的促进作用越强,且分配因素所引起的贫困变动越大;收入分配越不平等,则收入因素对城市减贫的促进作用越弱,且分配因素所引起的贫困变动越小。因此,我国今后的城市减贫,应在继续保持经济较快增长的同时,以改善收入分配不平等为重点。     

收入增长与不平等对我国贫困的影响

本文运用两组家计调查数据,采用夏普里(Shaley)分解法实证分析了20世纪90年代收入增长和收入分配的变化在我国贫困变动中的作用,并特别考虑了不同贫困线、贫困指标及等价规模对实证结果的影响。分析结果表明,90年代前半期农村减贫的成功主要归因于收入的增长和不平等的下降。在90年代后半期,农村和城市都经历了不平等的快速上升和收入的缓慢增长。因此,这段时间减贫的速度下降,甚至贫困有所增加。     

中国农村居民收入增长和分配与贫困减少——兼论农村内部收入不平等

文章采用模型分析和基尼系数分解方法,基于2000年以来分省的农村居民收入增长和分配及贫困减少数据,分析我国农村居民收入增长和分配的减贫效应,并探讨农村内部收入不平等状况及来源。发现2000年以来我国农村居民收入增长依然对农村贫困减少发挥着显著的促进作用,但是收入分配的恶化会部分抵消收入增长的减贫作用;农村内部收入不平等程度明显高于城镇,工资性收入是农村内部收入不平等的主要影响因素,家庭经营收入次之,财产性收入和转移性收入对收入不平等的贡献率则相对较低。     

我国的经济增长、收入不平等与贫困的变化分析

本文使用Datt(1998)提出的基于洛伦兹曲线的贫困度量方法,分析了世界银行公布的1981-2005年我国城乡收入宏观加总分组数据,并且采用夏普利(Shaley)分解方法研究了我国改革开放以来收入增长和分配变化对贫困变化的作用,考虑了不同的贫困度量指标、贫困线对实证结果的影响.分析结果表明,改革开放以来我国城乡居民减贫的成功主要归因于收入的高速增长,而在20世纪90年代后半期,农村和城市都经历了不平等的快速上升和收入增长放缓,因此这段时间减贫的速度下降甚至贫困有所增加,但进入21世纪后随着收入增速的提高和不平等的上升放缓,我国的减贫事业又有了新的发展.     

经济增长、收入分配对农村贫困变动的影响

文章利用了基于Lorenz曲线进行贫困测度及其分解的方法,实证研究了1985～2003年中国农村的贫困变动,以及经济增长和收入分配对贫困变动的影响.结果表明,经济增长使农村居民收入增加,大幅度减少了贫困,但农村居民的收入差距逐渐拉大,收入不平等加剧部分地抵消了经济增长的减贫成效.     

农村非正规金融对多维资产贫困的减贫效应研究——基于CFPS微观家庭调查数据的分析

资产扶贫具有重要的主体培育和增能作用。本文在多维贫困理论和测度方法基础上构建了多维资产贫困指数,运用2012年和2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,实证分析了农村家庭资产贫困的特征事实和非正规金融的多维减贫效应。研究发现:农村家庭资产缺乏现象较为普遍,无论是低收入家庭还是高收入家庭的资产积累都不理想;农村土地与住房的资产效应太弱导致高收入家庭将财富转化为住房资产时遭受了更严重的"隐性剥夺"。农村非正规金融对家庭收入与资产积累产生了显著的逆向分配作用,其更多地有利于中高收入家庭而不利于中低收入家庭多维资产贫困的减缓,由此扩大了农村中高与中低收入家庭多维资产贫困不平等程度。据此,应着手构建资产扶贫的政策体系,这对于乡村振兴及资产扶贫赋予脱贫人口持续发展能力意义重大。     

经济增长、收入分配的减贫效应探析——以新疆为例

运用FGT贫困指数,以新疆为例,基于Lorenz曲线对农村贫困变动进行测算。结果表明,经济增长具有明显的减贫作用,而收入分配不平等加剧则部分地抵消了经济增长的减贫作用。     

收入分配与异质性消费结构——基于中等收入群体新测度

本文通过构建效用指数模型对中等收入群体进行测度,并据此将城镇家庭划分为低、中、高收入组,通过分析三类家庭储蓄消费动机,得出三类家庭消费结构异质性推论,以中国家庭金融调查数据库CHFS2013-2017年城镇家庭数据为基础,实证检验三类家庭消费结构差异,最后模拟收入分配变动对消费结构的影响.研究发现:(1)低收入家庭生存型和发展型消费倾向更高,生存型边际消费倾向平均约为中等收入家庭的1.8倍、高收入家庭的8.1倍,发展型边际消费倾向平均约为中等收入家庭的1.6倍、高收入家庭的3.1倍,其收入主要用于满足生存和发展所需;(2)中等收入家庭更注重享受型消费,享受型边际消费倾向平均约为低收入家庭的1.5倍、高收入家庭的4.5倍,其有能力追求更高层次的消费;(3)高收入家庭消费需求基本得到满足,各类消费倾向均较低;(4)模拟收入分配变动结果显示,"提低、扩中"均对消费结构升级具有显著促进作用,应充分考虑收入分配调节对消费结构的影响,重视中等收入群体规模扩大对消费结构升级的带动作用.     

浅析贫困、经济增长与脱贫时间——基于中国城镇居民调查数据的分析

20世纪90年代以来，经济增长和收入分配不平等对于城镇人口脱贫时间产生了消极影响。研究发现，城镇贫困在1997年达到高峰，然后逐渐缓和；贫困人口的收入增长在初期能使脱贫时间迅速减少，但边际效果是递减的；贫困人口之间的收入分配不平等延长了脱贫时间，如果贫困人口的初始收入增加，则会明显缩短脱贫时间。     

医疗保险与城乡反贫困:1989-2006

文章利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据,估计了1989-2006年医疗保险对中国城乡家庭的反贫困效应。结果发现:发生灾难性卫生支出的城乡家庭比例较高,最穷的群体其医疗费用超过收入的比例增加,医疗保险对减少收入不平等只起到微弱作用。TIP贫困曲线表明,近几年,医疗保险补偿后,城乡患病家庭的贫困并没有减轻,医疗保险在减少贫困上的作用很小。分析贫困特征的多元回归模型显示,家庭成员数量、教育程度、抚养比率、参保人数等都影响了贫困,而条件多元回归模型则显示,医疗保险对贫困的变动没有影响。     

中国农村收入流动分析

本文利用农业部1986—2001年间六省农村固定观察点数据,对农村家庭收入流动进行了经验分析,发现:第一,分析期内农户呈现出收入流动程度随时间先增大后逐渐稳定的趋势,这使得持久收入不均等程度显著小于年度不均等,1995年以后虽然有较大的年度收入不均等,但持久收入不均等较小;第二,分析期内农村收入流动始终大于同期城市收入流动;第三,在1986—1990年间,农民平均收入较高省份的收入流动程度较大,而在1995—2001年间,各省收入流动差异并不明显;第四,农民收入水平有条件收敛的趋势,同时,教育水平提高、外出打工,都对农民收入增长有显著的推进作用。     

Family decision-making for educational expenditure: new evidence from survey data for Nigeria

This study examines the determinants of educational expenditures by households in Nigeria. Data from the Nigerian General Household Survey, Panel 2012/2013, Wave 2 was used and a double-hurdle model was employed for the analysis. The results suggest household income, the age, education, gender of the household heads and urban versus rural residence have a significant impact on the decision to spend on education. Such expenditures are income elastic overall, but are very different in magnitude for low income compared to higher income families. It is found that the income elasticity of education expenditures are approximately four times greater for households in the bottom two-thirds of the income distribution than for those on the top one-third of the income distribution.     

Income Mobility and Income Inequality in Rural China

The economic literature has argued for a long time that income mobility could attenuate the degree of cross-sectional inequality by offering people opportunities to improve their socio-economic position. Using the longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1989 to 2011, we measure income mobility as the degree to which longer-term incomes are distributed more or less equally than yearly income. Five main results are emphasized. First, there is strong income mobility in rural China that partly offsets yearly income inequality. Second, income mobility has decreased since the 2000s, indicating that income distribution is becoming more rigid. Third, mobility is mainly associated with transitory income fluctuations, particularly in the two tails of the distribution. Fourth, income mobility has an equalizing effect on income distribution. Fifth, we show that non-agricultural income mobility has substantially increased over the period and that its equalizing nature has also recently increased. While the development of the non-agriculture sector in rural China was a crucial factor in explaining the increase in rural inequality until the mid-2000s, we suggest that the large-scale generalisation of such non-agricultural opportunities partly accounts for the decline in rural inequality observed since the mid-2000s.     

Effective Taxation of Top Incomes in Germany

We exploit a dataset that includes the individual tax returns of all taxpayers in the top percentile of the income distribution in Germany to pin down the effective income taxation of households with very high incomes. Taking tax base erosion into account, we find that the top percentile of the income distribution pays an effective average tax rate of 30.5% and contributes more than a quarter of total income tax revenue. Within the top percentile, the effective average tax rate is first increasing, then decreasing, with income. Since the 1990s, effective average tax rates for the German super‐rich have fallen by about a third, with major reductions occurring in the wake of the personal income tax reform of 2001–05. As a result, the concentration of net incomes at the very top of the distribution has strongly increased in Germany.     

Income mobility and the middle class in Russia, 1995–2007

This article analyzes the determinants of income mobility between 1995 and 2007, using the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE). The analysis uses the mixture model method and is carried out between and within income groups, defined on the basis of household income. The results of the within-group analysis suggest that the probability of remaining in the middle of the income distribution is greater than that of remaining poor or rich. However, if a household moves away from the middle group, the probability of falling into the bottom group is much higher than that of moving upwards.     

Adding value through the mechanization of post-harvest cassava processing,and its impact on household poverty in north-eastern Zambia

This article investigates the impact of adopting a mechanized cassava processing system on household poverty levels in Zambia. An Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measure was used to compare poverty levels among households using a mechanized cassava processing system against those households using a nonmechanized process. Based on the FGT poverty measure’s specifications, a significantly lower poverty status of 49% was found among households using the mechanized process when compared to the 58% found among households using the nonmechanized process. The significant factors contributing to these differences in poverty levels include whether households are using a mechanized process or not, the number of years’ schooling among household members, the number of years’ farming experience, household income and membership of associations. The study concludes that the mechanization of cassava processing, particularly if done on the right scale, can transform primary production activities, in turn leading to higher incomes and reduced poverty levels in rural villages. Thus, policies should be introduced aimed at encouraging the promotion of mechanized post-harvest cassava processing technologies among rural households, so as to enhance crop productivity and household income levels, as well as reduce poverty among rural households.     

收入风险对居民耐用品消费的影响

本文首次采用大型微观家庭面板数据对我国城乡居民的耐用品消费进行深入研究,主要结论包括:(1)改革进程方面,20世纪90年代中后期国企转制和员工下岗等就业体制方面的重大变革,使居民"收入风险"显著上升,进而明显抑制了城乡家庭的耐用品消费。(2)城乡对比方面,农村家庭面临更高的收入风险,其消费决策对风险因素也更为敏感,因此在当前的"新农村"建设中,建立健全农业保险和农村就业保障体系,对于提高农民消费和福利水平意义重大。(3)本文的研究结果完全支持(S,s)理论模型;同时在收入风险的度量和代理变量选取方面,文章中的一些分析方法也可以应用于汽车、住房等相关领域的研究和政策评价。     

THE DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF RUSSIA'S TRANSITION

We consider the distributional consequences at a national level in Russia during the initial phase of market reforms between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Although the incomes of many individuals changed favourably under the reforms during this period, average real household per capita income declined between 1985 and 1992. In particular during the first year of major reform in 1992 households at the lower end of the income distribution seemed to incur the largest fall in income. As a consequence there was a rise in measured income inequality. The Gini coefficient, estimated by various researchers to have been around 27 percent between the late 1960s and early 1990s. we estimate to have increased to 32.2 percent by the end of 1992. We also estimate that poverty increased with 18.5 percent of the population on incomes lying below the official subsistence level at the end of 1992.     

Moderate prosperity,an adaptation of the middle class concept to a Malagasy rural area: the case of Itasy

In order to adapt the controversial sociological concept of ‘Middle Class’ to an African agriculture-based economy, exemplified by Madagascar, we propose the concept of Moderate Prosperity. As a case study, we use detailed data from 508 households in the 2008 Itasy Observatory. We stratify them using four distinguishing socio-economic factors: household income quintile, head of household’s education level, income structure and land tenure. We describe four Moderate Prosperity clusters that reflect the agro-economic diversity of the Itasy region: a vulnerable group of agriculturally diversified households in the third income quintile with locally issued land title; an emerging group of skilled, polyculture farmers belonging to both the lowest and highest quintiles; a traditional group of uneducated rice farmers in the fourth quintile with traditional land ownership; and an upper group of educated livestock farmers, non-agricultural independents and workers, belonging to the top income quintile with locally issued land title.     

The Evolution of Income Composition Inequality in Italy, 1989–2016

We study the evolution of inequality in income composition in terms of capital and labor income in Italy between 1989 and 2016. We document a rise in the share of capital income accruing to the bottom of the distribution, while the top of the distribution increases its share of labor income. This implies a falling degree of income composition inequality in the period considered and a weaker relationship between the functional and personal distribution of income in Italy. This result is robust to various specifications of self-employment income; nonetheless, it hinges crucially on the treatment of rental incomes. While the dynamics of imputed rents has brought about a more equitable distribution of capital incomes across the income distribution, that of actual rents has led to higher concentration of capital incomes at the top in the decade preceding the outbreak of the financial crisis. Finally, we conceptualize a rule of thumb for policy makers seeking to reduce income inequality in the long run.