我国城市存量土地盘活政策创新实践及启示

在我国土地资源供不应求与城市经济结构转型的大背景下,如何积极盘活及利用城市存量土地已成为当务之急。文章通过对我国各城市存量土地盘活政策进行梳理,归纳和分析了各城市在旧居住用地、老工业用地和工业区用地的盘活中的政策创新,对在用地功能转变、自行开发以及土地收储补偿等方面的政策创新进行了深入探讨,分析了当前地方政策创新存在问题和特点,得出市场主导、盘活路径多元化和盘活利益共享将是未来国家政策创新的主要趋势。     

重庆市城乡土地流转问题探讨

城乡土地流转问题是重庆市实现城乡统筹发展的关键。成为改革实验区后,重庆市在促进城乡土地流转的制度和管理方面进行了积极的探索和实验,引起了全国的关注。城乡土地的流转取得明显效果,但也引发了一些问题。在实地调查和文献分析的基础上,本文分析了重庆市城乡土地流转的实践和面临的挑战,并提出应该在土地管理、小产权房和城乡规划等方面进一步改革。     

基于“挂钩”下的农村建设用地整理效益分析——以江苏省太仓市为例

随着城市化进程加快，新农村建设和城乡统筹的发展，农民居住条件得到明显改善。但农村建设用地的使用仍存在着不少问题，使得人地矛盾越发突出，土地已经成为制约社会经济进一步发展的“瓶颈”。文章重点研究在城参建设用地增减挂钩下的农村建设用地整理“三效益”，特别通过层次分析法研究经济效益，并对农村建设用地整理提出几点建议，为盘活存量建设用地，提高用地使用效率，缓解用地矛盾，加强城乡统筹和新农村建设提供保障。     

构建新型工农城乡关系:从打开城门到开放村庄

制度是解构工农城乡关系生成及演化规律的关键。从人民公社体制到家庭承包制的制度变迁,由集体经营变革为家庭经营,释放出大量农业剩余劳动力。财政包干制度促进乡镇企业蓬勃发展,农业劳动力就近就地转移进入非农产业。随后的分税制则激发工业化与城市开发热情高涨,大量农业用地被征收为国有用地,也促使农业劳动力由农村地区转向工业与商业聚集的城市,但在户籍制度的约束下,进城务工的农村居民难以获得市民化的身份认同,人户分离成为普遍现象。制度问题的根源在于以城市为中心的发展逻辑,造成生产和生活要素向城市单向流动和集中,从而形成城乡分割、引发城乡关系扭曲与不可持续问题。打破以城市为中心的发展格局、构建新型工农城乡关系的策略在于：打开村门,以农村土地制度变革为突破口;反哺乡村,以城乡融合推进农业高质量发展;缓解约束,以开放村庄引导主体与要素进村;构建载体,以县域经济发展融入城市价值链。     

高度城市化地区农用地管理制度探索——以深圳为例

土地用途管制是我国土地管理体系构架中的一个重要基石,核心内容之一就是对农地的非农化和农地农用进行严格管制,即通过建立严格的耕地保护制度,强化对农用地的管理。本文以深圳为例,分析现行的农用地管理制度在高度城市化地区实施过程中面临的问题,介绍深圳实施基本生态控制线管理的做法,以探索适应于高度城市化地区农用地管理的新模式。     

城镇化质量评价与高质量城镇化的推进方略

明晰城镇化质量的内涵和状况,是推进和实现高质量城镇化的基础。城镇化质量是指城镇化进程中城乡之间、城市内部、城市之间、人地之间的结构关系,高质量城镇化则是指城乡融合发展、城市内部融合、城市体系优化、人地协调发展的城镇化。利用四个维度八个指标对2013年以来我国总体城镇化质量和各省份城镇化质量进行评价,结果表明:我国总体城镇化质量不断改善,各省份城镇化质量呈现显著的地方特征,城镇化质量综合指标与城镇化率之间呈现显著的正相关关系。推进高质量城镇化,应针对各地城乡发展差距的不同特征,促进城乡融合发展;以市民化和户籍制度改革为重点,促进城市内部融合;推进各地中心城市带动省域城市包容性发展,促进城市体系优化;创新推进按照常住人口配置建设用地,促进人地协调发展。     

重庆市统筹城乡的农村土地基本经营制度改革探讨

针对重庆农村改革发展面临的突出矛盾和问题,文章认为要按照统筹城乡发展的要求,深化改革农村土地基本经营制度。从重庆现实看,统筹城乡发展存在着推进土地规模经营与稳定家庭承包制的矛盾,采取有效时策正确处理好这一矛盾是从战略上保证重庆统筹城乡发展试验顺利推进的关键所在。     

城市用地失控的现状及对策

本文通过对出让土地、行政划拨土地以及城市规划区内集体土地的供给和使用情况的分析,深入剖析了城市土地使用失控的原因。阐述了在目前我国所处的市场经济初期阶段,必须从总体调控和开发干预两个方面加强城市规划对土地使用的管理,实现多层次的规划控制。     

重庆市农村土地基本经营制度改革研究

针对重庆农村改革发展面临的突出矛盾和问题,文章指出,重庆在当前和今后一个时期内需对农村土地基本经营制度深化改革。当前,统筹城乡发展存在着推进土地规模经营与稳定家庭承包制的矛盾关系,采取有效对策正确处理好这一重要关系是从战略上保证重庆统筹城乡发展顺利推进的关键所在。     

Impacts of high-speed rail construction on land prices in urban agglomerations: Evidence from Kyushu in Japan

High-speed rail integrates regions and cities, and thus can possibly have significant impacts on the distribution of economic activities. Using the opening and extensions of a high-speed rail, Shinkansen, in Kyushu, Japan, we examine its effects on land prices in urban agglomerations, which would reflect changes in the distribution of economic activities across urban agglomerations. We estimate hedonic price equations to conduct a difference-in-differences analysis. We find that the large metropolitan areas gained from the high-speed rail by experiencing increases in land prices, whereas small metropolitan areas located between them lost by experiencing decreased land prices. However, such positive effects are shown to be limited to areas close to Shinkansen stations.     

The use of longitudinal spatial analyses of informal settlements in urban development planning

Informal settlements are home to a substantial, and growing, proportion of the urban population of developing cities. In the majority of these countries, it is recognised that the only way of improving the quality of life of residents in these areas is through a process of in situ upgrading. However, the focus of this upgrading tends to be directed at the level of the individual settlement; rarely is the impact on the wider metropolitan area considered. This article addresses that wider perspective. It describes a longitudinal study of informal settlements in Cape Town over a five-year period. This study showed that informal settlements in the city will grow faster than new housing can be provided, thereby necessitating a radical shift in the current housing policy. The study then demonstrated that it is possible to determine discernible trends in the growth pattern of informal settlements, which will enable such settlements to be brought into the integrated development planning process for the city.     

The task ahead for the cities of the developing countries

Between 1975 and the year 2000 the cities of the developing countries will be expected to absorb 70% of the projected population increases — 1.3 billion people — most of them poor. By any measures this is a gargantuan task. This paper examines the causes for the unprecedented growth of urban areas, the magnitude of this growth, and where it is occuring. Although cities are absorbing large numbers of people, they are doing so in a manner that is both inefficient and inequitable. Few cities are prepared for the vast increases that are clearly foreseeable in the next two decades. Unless there are changes in national, regional, and urban policies, the growth of urban areas will not make its maximum possible contribution to social well-being.     

Where to draw the line: Data problems and other difficulties estimating urbanisation in Africa

The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge on the pitfalls around definitions of the urban and the use of census data in estimating and tracking changes in urban populations. Differing criteria for the urban population and changing definitions make comparisons of levels of urbanisation very difficult across countries. Where censuses are held infrequently and administered less rigorously, accurate data on the urban population are a particular problem. This is especially the case in sub-Saharan Africa. Secondary African cities are increasingly important sites of urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa, yet there is far less knowledge about these smaller cities. This article therefore looks at issues around estimates of populations in sub-Saharan cities and why this is a particular problem in smaller cities. Some of the implications of these problems are discussed, as well as measures to improve our understanding of the urbanisation process in smaller cities.     

引入公司管理机制解决“三农”问题

农业、农村和农民问题的核心是农民问题,解决“三农”问题的关键是不断增加农民收入,缩小城乡之间、地区之间的收入差距.把公司管理制度引进农村是增加农民收入的关键,农民用土地作为资本进行投资,年终分红,解决了农民进城的后顾之忧,加快农民城市化的速度,从根本上解决“三农”问题.     

“站-城”融合视角下的大城市中心城区高铁设站分析

城市社会和经济的不断发展对城市运行效率提出了更高的要求。当前高铁的快速发展不仅加强了城市间的交通联系,也促进了城市与区域的经济发展。尤其在大都市区乃至城市群内部高铁出行日常化、公交化的背景下,城市内高铁站点的选址对于提升城市效率往往有重大影响。文章通过对我国历史上铁路站点的选址进行了回顾,分析了历史条件下的高铁站点选址远郊的现实原因和当前存在的问题。同时,结合目前城市发展和高铁出行不断增加的现状,讨论了大城市中心城区建设高铁站点的必要性,并以新经济地理学理论为基础,分别从"站"和"城"两维度对中心城区高铁设站的效益(交通网络效益和经济集聚效益)进行分析,结合对重庆北站和重庆西站为实证案例的成本分析,探讨"站-城"融合视角下的中心城区高铁设站的可行性。     

Implications of rural settlement patterns for development: A historical case study in Qaukeni,Eastern Cape,South Africa

Successive administrative policies, overlaid on the traditional communal land tenure system in the Qaukeni area of the Eastern Cape, have had the effect of tying people to the land and creating an environment that severely constrains opportunities for development. This article traces the influence of administrative changes on land allocation over the last century. It assesses the impact of the settlement pattern in the early 1980s on accessibility to basic facilities, services and development opportunities. In view of the severe conditions in the study area (internal push factors), coupled with reduced restrictions on movement to South African cities and a general urbanisation trend (external pull factors), population movements could have been expected both out of the region and to more accessible places within it. Primary research, using districts and administrative areas as the units of analysis, revealed that few of the expected changes had occurred in the period between 1982 and 1993. However, recent evidence shows that several of the anticipated changes are taking place. The article concludes that, notwithstanding recent trends, a combination of the land tenure system (in both rural and urban areas), a variety of place-related factors in rural areas, together with risk-spreading strategies on the part of households, continue to exert a strong influence in keeping people on the land, even though their existence is not subsistence based, but linked to the urban economy.     

市场、政府的力量及多中心城市的形成

我国各大都市区的郊区和所辖县尚未形成城市亚中心,中西部农村剩余劳动力向东部大都市区迁移可以成为东部大都市区向多中心城市转变的重要市场力量。政府的力量和上述市场的力量协同发挥作用,既能加快东部大都市区形成多中心城市,又能促进农村剩余劳动力的转移,进而充分发挥大都市区对人口的吸纳池功能,使人口、土地资源与城市经济协调发展。     

The Dynamics of Jabotabek Development

This paper examines the dynamics of urban development of the Jakarta metropolitan region, called Jabotabek, from 1980 through the early 1990s. We focus on the rapidly changing spatial allocation of residences and business, finding that Jabotabek is following expected developmental patterns but faces special and some critical problems Population densities remain unusually high and urban development is hindered by very poor land market institutions—weakly defined property rights particularly for traditional low income residents, complete lack of active land use planning, and relatively low infrastructure investments. Industry is rapidly suburbanising to take of advantage of low land prices and wages in suburban Botabek. With toll road construction east and west from the city, within the five-year period 1986–1991, Jabotabek moved from being a monocentric city where core city industrial activity dominated to a predominantly multi-centred city. These developments and implicit government policy have hurt small-scale industry, which ultimately will hinder the whole development process. Issues of spatial mismatch, where low income workers' residences and workplaces become inordinately spatially separated due to government policies in land markets, herald increasing problems of urban underemployment and social unrest.     

Permanent migration desire of Chinese rural residents: Evidence from field surveys, 2006–2015

This paper provides new evidence on the actual and intended migration patterns of permanent rural-urban migration in China based on local field surveys conducted from 2006–2015. The actual permanent migration pattern shows a home province dominance. The pattern of permanent migration intentions indicates a simultaneous consideration for both city location and city scale. Interest in large cities is limited to large cities within the home province. Using survey questions that present hypothetical policy scenarios, rural residents' responses to the relaxation of urban hukou restrictions and the rural land rights institution are examined. The responses reveal a reluctance to engage in inter-provincial permanent migration if hukou restrictions are eliminated in all Chinese cities. A survey-based choice experiment reveals that removing the condition of rural land rights on rural hukou status can induce within-province permanent migration, but it is not impactful in facilitating permanent, inter-provincial migration. If the playing field of hukou entry is leveled for all skill levels and rural land rights are guaranteed unconditionally, then at low values of years of schooling, an additional year has a negative effect on the intention to engage in permanent, inter-provincial migration.     

“小汽车家庭化”与宏观交通决策

我国部分城市和沿海发达地区已经进入“小汽车家庭化”的阶段。家庭对私人小汽车的需求极大地推动了我国汽车工业及其相关产业链的发展,但也带来了一系列严重的交通问题。根据对国外不同城市交通发展模式的分析,结合我国的具体国情,我国的宏观交通决策仍应坚持公共交通为主导,适度鼓励发展节能环保的微型汽车,对私人小汽车的使用方式进行引导,同时通过城市道路系统的改造和建立先进的交通管理系统,应对“小汽车家庭化”带来的挑战。