试析交通运输对经济发展的影响

交通运输是社会存在和发展的基础前提,是国民经济发展中的重要基础设施和产业.本文分析了交通运输和经济发展间的内在联系,进一步阐述交通运输对社会经济发展的影响.     

The impact of parallel imports on investments in cost-reducing research and development

We develop a two-country model of endogenous investment in process innovation by a manufacturer facing competition from parallel imports (PI). We find that the distortions associated with PI inhibit innovation. However, the difference between the manufacturer's expected profits under successful and failed innovation is U-shaped in the cost of engaging in PI. Thus, the reduction in R&D investment depends on both legality of PI and transport costs. The reduction in innovation could harm global welfare, depending on whether the manufacturer was deterring PI with a high wholesale price. If so, banning such trade would raise expected welfare.     

Japan and minerals development in ASIA: The impact of transportation technology

New economic and political policies and new developments in transportation are leading to changes in the development of minerals in the Pacific Basin. Japan's postwar economic expansion and her key role in minerals development can be seen as a direct consequence of her lack of land and natural resources. The key challenge in minerals development is to create integrated transport systems, which in turn will encourage the formation of multinational companies. Predictable trends in the development of Pacific minerals are (1) Japan's increasing capital investments and (2) a more volatile pattern in her demand for minerals. The expected changes in minerals development present both a challenge and a promise.     

The impact of new firm formation on regional development in the Netherlands

This paper examines the relationship between new firm formation and regional employment change in The Netherlands. Using a new regional data base for the period 1988–2002, we examine the time lags involved in the relationship. We also investigate whether the relationship differs by sector and by degree of urbanization. We find that the maximum effect of new businesses on regional development is reached after about 6 years. Our results also suggest that the overall employment impact of new-firm start-ups is positive but that the immediate employment effects may be small in The Netherlands. Furthermore, we find that the employment impact of new firms is strongest in manufacturing industries and that the employment impact of new firms is stronger in areas with a higher degree of urbanization.

会计电算化发展对传统会计的影响

随着电子信息产业的不断发展,会计电算化在社会经济中的运用越来越广泛。会计电算化是会计发展史上的一次重大革命,它的运用和推广必将使传统会计工作的职能迎来一次较大的变革。本文对会计电算化及其特征讨论的基础上,深入地研究了会计电算化发展对传统会计的影响,指出会计电算化对传统会计的会计理论、会计实务、审计以及内部控制方面都产生了一定的影响。     

The entrepreneur's investor choice: The impact on later-stage firm development

This article analyzes how early-stage financing decisions may affect how entrepreneurial firms ultimately grow. This theoretical study considers an entrepreneur seeking early-stage financing from either a specialist or a generalist investor in the context of stage financing. It is assumed that an early-stage specialist is less efficient in assisting a venture beyond the early-stage round than a generalist. This leads to the following tradeoff: by initially selecting an early-stage specialist, the entrepreneur benefits from increased investor incentives in the first round. Such incentives generate additional value for the entrepreneurial venture, improving valuation in the interim round and thereby mitigating the risk of dilution against follow-up investors and potentially even of premature discontinuation of the project. However, early-stage specialists are more reluctant to finance later rounds. Conversely, using a generalist secures efficient follow-up funding but also leads to weaker investor incentives in the early stage. With this tradeoff, the presence of asymmetric information about the quality of entrepreneurial projects particularly affects generalists; entrepreneurs with strong projects more often choose specialists, while entrepreneurs with weak projects select generalists to secure efficient continuation. The use of convertible securities or adjustment warrants in contracts cannot always eliminate the effect of asymmetric information. Several empirical implications derived from this tradeoff are provided for optimal investor choice.     

The effects of new firm formation on regional development over time: The case of Great Britain

This paper re-examines the link between new firm formation and subsequent employment growth. It investigates whether it is possible to have the wrong type of entrepreneurship—defined as new firm formation which leads to zero or even negative subsequent employment growth. It uses a very similar approach to that of Fritsch and Mueller (Regional Studies, 38(8), 961–976, 2004), confirming their findings that the employment impact of new firm formation is in three discrete phases. Then, using data for Great Britain, the paper shows the employment impact of new firm formation is significantly positive in the high-enterprise counties of Great Britain. However, for the low-enterprise counties, it shows that new firm formation has a negative effect on employment. Of the 15 low-enterprise regions, eight are Scottish (of nine Scottish regions in our data base) and three are North East Counties (of four). Our findings imply that having the “wrong type of entrepreneurship” is indeed possible.

The Development of Convenience Stores in Britain

Convenience stores are becoming a new element in the retail sector of a growing number of advanced economies. This article outlines the character of these stores and discusses their development within Britain.     

电子商务的发展对传统商务的冲击

90年代以后电子商务的发展非常迅速,随着国际互联网和电子商务的相关技术不断成熟,电子商务以更为惊人的速度发展.美国ForresterResearch公司的调查显示,电子商务将成为全球发展最快的商务模式.蓬勃发展的全球性电子商务模式对传统商务模式产生了巨大的冲击.现本文就什么是电子商务,和电子商务对传统商务的冲击进行简述.     

外商直接投资对我国经济发展的影响

随着改革开放的到来,我国一直是外商投资的目标之一,而且近几年有持续加快的趋势.但与此同时外资直接投资对我国经济发展有重要影响,本文在新的形势下分析了外来投资对我国经济的新的影响,并探讨了我国目前利用外资的一些注意事项.     

西安市轨道交通对经济发展的影响

西安是我国西部地区的重要城市,随着经济的发展,西安的交通问题日益严重,为了缓解交通压力,轨道交通势在必行.本文通过对轨道交通必要性研究,着重分析了轨道交通对城市经济的影响.     

Betting and Business; The Commercialisation of Gambling in Britain

This article examines the decline of the North British Locomotive Company from 1940 to 1962, When it collapsed. It reveals that major market factors over which it had little control had much to do with its failure, and that, viewed in context, its strategic decisions were not so flawed as were thought at the time of the collapse. The firm was hindered by institutional constraints on bank lending, as well as unfortunate technological partnerships. The implications of the study for the major schools of thought surrounding British economic decline are brought out. In general, none of the positions examined fully explain the firm's collapse.     

会计电算化发展对传统会计的影响

推行会计电算化是会计领域的一次革命,是会计发展上的历史性飞跃.本文深入地分析了了会计电算化发展对传统会计的影响,指出会计电算化发展面对的问题以及解决的对策.     

The politics of necessity: electricity and water in Great Britain

This paper examines the politics and the policy developments regarding access to electricity and water supply in Britain after the privatisation of these industries in 1990. It does this primarily through discussing two issues: paying for water and fuel poverty. It concludes that, somewhat surprisingly, the introduction of privatisation and greater reliance on market mechanisms has not made the material position of disadvantaged consumers worse as regards these industries. This seems to be attributable partly to changes in the regulatory structure consequent on privatisation and partly due to changes in national politics.     

Network development in international project marketing and the impact of external facilitation

This article reports on an experiment in external facilitation of international project marketing activity. The case involved a large, World Bank funded project in China aimed at upgrading grain storage and handling facilities. An organization was established in Australia to bring together and support efforts by Australian firms to win a share of this project. Network-building, at a number of levels both in China and Australia, emerged from the qualitative study as a critical factor in effective project marketing. External facilitation played a positive role in the network-building process.     

The Creation and Growth of Small Business Service Firms in Post-Industrial Britain

Since 1980, the United Kingdom has experienced a dramatic growth in firms and employment in information-intensive business services, such as management consultancy and market research. This article reports the results of the first substantial nation-wide investigation into the nature and causes of small professional business service firm growth in Britain, undertaken in 1991. It reveals marked differences in the characteristics, markets and competitive requirements of such firms, compared with small manufacturing firms. The demand for their services comes predominantly from large companies, and is more focussed on financial and other services and government. But small firms are also making increasing use of business services. Specialised expertise, reputation and educational and professional qualifications are essential prerequisites for the establishment of new business service firms. Their success is also being enhanced by increasing use of informal networking, collaborative partnerships, and subcontracting.     

The Planning Implications of New Retail Format Introductions in Canada and Britain

A recent retail internationalisation trend has been the arrival in Britain and Canada of COSTCO warehouse membership clubs (WMCs). Further investigation reveals similarities between those countries in terms of the responses of their planning systems to this newcomer. However; the wider picture must also include analysis of why so many other innovative new types of outlet are also internationalising. The trend can be seen as part of the interface between the spatial pattern of retailing and other legal matters. We therefore suggest that not just the planning system but also the legal aspects of trading regulation must be studied.     

The impact of customer satisfaction and relationship quality on customer retention: A critical reassessment and model development

Customer satisfaction with a company's products or services is often seen as the key to a company's success and long-term competitiveness. In the context of relationship marketing, customer satisfaction is often viewed as a central determinant of customer retention. However, the few empirical investigations in this area indicate that a direct relationship between these constructs is weak or even nonexistent. The overall purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual foundation for investigating the customer retention process, with the use of the concepts of customer satisfaction and relationship quality. The article involves a critical examination of the satisfaction–retention relationship, and the development of a more comprehensive view of the customer's quality perception. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.