“小银行优势”的理论突破与实践新发展

传统的理论观点认为,小银行在中小企业信贷方面具有比较优势,并且主要依赖关系信贷技术,而大银行在开展中小企业信贷方面,存在着信息不对称、组织规模不利于软信息传递等方面的劣势。但近年来的理论与实践质疑传统观点的正确性。学术界认为,实施新资本协议、信贷技术的提升以及大型银行的优势,使得其在开展中小企业信贷方面将比中小银行更具有优势,而且淡马锡、富国银行、印尼金融银行与格莱珉等大型金融机构在中小企业信贷方面已经获得巨大的发展,并已形成各具特色的业务模式。中国银行业已经开始重视中小企业信贷业务的发展,可以从中学习与借鉴国外银行业的发展经验。     

大银行对中小企业融资缺乏效率吗——基于大银行与中小银行的对比性实证分析

本文通过大银行和中小银行的对比性实证和理论分析来研究大银行在中小企业融资中的效率问题,运用非参数方法数据包络法(DEA)对我国不同规模的银行进行实证研究。研究表明,大型商业银行在对中小企业贷款方面具有一定优势。这与传统的观点有一定分歧,对此本文作了进一步的理论分析。本文认为由于规模结构差异而引起的对中小企业融资效率的比较,应从信息、风险管理、成本、技术等多方面因素进行综合考虑,而不是仅从信息角度加以强调。     

银行市场结构与中小企业融资

本文从银行角度,分析银行市场结构对中小企业融资的影响。中小银行在获得"软信息"方面成本较低,在为中小企业提供信贷方面具有比较优势,从而中小银行的发展有利于缓解中小企业融资难问题。同时,银行之间的竞争促进银行降低贷款成本,也提高了中小企业获得贷款的机会,并降低信贷成本。为此,为缓解中小企业融资难问题,政策上应加快中小银行的发展,并通过打破垄断,促进银行之间的良性竞争,提升银行效率。     

普惠小微信贷模式比较--基于信贷授信审批机制重构的视角

近年来,随着互联网技术的发展,大数据、云计算、区块链等技术的运用重构了传统信贷模式,极大地缓解了银企信息不对称,促进了普惠小微金融的发展。其中,大型银行普惠贷款规模显著超过地方中小银行,成为此轮小微信贷的主角。以山东省为例,截至2020年年末,该省四大国有银行分行普惠小微企业贷款余额为1885.7亿元,同比增长63.5%,增速较全省城商行、农商行和村镇银行分别高出27.8个、27.1个和38.2个百分点。有一种观点认为,大行开展普惠小微贷款业务更多出于监管考核压力,是一种短期行为,不具有可持续性。     

银行规模与小微企业贷款非对称性分析北大核心

传统观点主张,银行与企业之间存在规模对应规则,即大银行服务大企业,小银行服务小企业,大银行天生不适合为小企业服务,小银行更具有对小企业贷款的优势。但是随着经济形势的变化、科技的进步以及银行业外部环境的改变,银行已经高度重视小微金融这片“蓝海”。我国大银行已经开始寻找新的利润增长点,不再受限于传统信贷模式及市场;而部分中小银行名义上宣传为小微企业服务。     

银行市场竞争结构、信息生产和中小企业融资

本文试图在银行信息生产的理论框架下研究我国银行市场结构以及竞争变化对中小企业融资效率的影响,解释中小银行金融资源对信息不透明的中小企业融资的重要性,提出构建银行业合理市场结构,在长期内通过促进中小银行市场发展突破中小企业融资困境,在短期内通过引导大银行市场合理竞争改善中小企业融资效率。     

中小银行发展科技金融业务探讨

中小银行支持科技型中小企业发展对天然的地缘、人缘优势,但是在传统信贷模式下"银行+企业"直接对接受到极大制约,出现了银企信息不对称、金融服务前移不够、风险分担机制不完善等问题,需从积极完善银行信贷风险分担、健全科技型中小企业信用评估体系"两手抓",提升科技企业贷款的获得性,推动科技创新发展。     

中小企业信贷可得性的影响因素

本文利用中国人民银行征信系统的相关数据,实证研究湖南地区中小企业信贷可得性的影响因素,以检验银行对中小企业的贷款技术。实证结果表明:大型和跨区域性银行对中小企业未采取关系型贷款;贷款银行对中小企业的财务特征不太重视;大型和跨区域性银行对中小企业贷款主要采用信用评分技术。作者建议:第一,整合信息资源,发展独立的信用评估机构对中小企业进行信用评估,降低大型和跨区域性银行对中小企业贷款成本和信息不对称程度;第二,大力发展区域性中小商业银行,并鼓励其形成和充分发挥对中小企业进行关系型贷款的比较优势。     

浅析我国中小银行的信贷优势

2008年的金融危机,给全球的经济带来巨大冲击,也给金融机构的生存和发展带来了严峻的挑战。然而,在危机过后,中小银行的信贷优势却逐渐显现,主要体现在对中小企业金融服务上的信贷成本优势上,此优势有利于中小银行竞争力的形成。本文从分析中小商业银行发展所面临的问题出发,深入探讨中小银行对中小企业金融服务上所具有的优势,力求促进我国中小银行的健康发展。     

小企业“信贷工厂”:信用融合与制度转型

本文对建设银行淄博分行的小企业"信贷工厂"进行了案例分析,认为"信贷工厂"模式的独立组织和模块化流程为大型商业银行进军小企业信贷市场提供了制度基础和技术保障,在弱化中小企业信息不对称问题、实施动态风险管理方面具有独特优势,具备普适性和可持续发展动力。     

Bank involvement with SMEs: Beyond relationship lending

The “conventional wisdom” in academic and policy circles argues that, while large and foreign banks are generally not interested in serving SMEs, small and niche banks have an advantage because they can overcome SME opaqueness through relationship lending. This paper shows that there is a gap between this view and what banks actually do. Banks perceive SMEs as a core and strategic business and seem well-positioned to expand their links with SMEs. The intensification of bank involvement with SMEs in various emerging markets is neither led by small or niche banks nor highly dependent on relationship lending. Moreover, it has not been derailed by the 2007–2009 crisis. Rather, all types of banks are catering to SMEs and large, multiple-service banks have a comparative advantage in offering a wide range of products and services on a large scale, through the use of new technologies, business models, and risk management systems.     

关系型借贷与中小企业融资

基于三家国内股份制银行中小企业客户的随机调查结果,本文验证了关系型借贷已经成为中小企业与银行之间信贷的一般方法。股份制银行已经超过国有商业银行成为中小企业银行借贷的主体,这证明了小银行优势假说在中国的适用。本研究证明中小企业的最大贷款金额基本上是在企业规模基础上,由企业自身的情况和企业与银行的关系共同决定的,与银行的关系越紧密,获得的贷款额度越高,价格越便宜。国家应在政策方面支持中小型银行的发展及对银行关系型借贷产品的开发,以在最短时间、最大程度上满足中小企业的融资需求。     

关系型借贷对中小企业融资成本的影响——基于广西中小企业调查的实证研究

文章在研究关系型借贷理论的基础上,分析了中小企业的关系型借贷与融资成本之间的关系,通过构建计量经济模型实证研究了合作的银行数量、银企合作时间、企业的人情消费和银企关系的满意度等因素对中小企业融资成本的影响.研究发现：银企关系的满意度和企业销售额与贷款利率呈显著的负相关关系;银企合作时间等其他因素符合假设但并不显著.最后,从企业、银行和政府的角度,提出了降低中小企业融资成本的相关政策建议.     

Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance

Under the current paradigm in small business lending research, large banks tend to specialize in lending to relatively large, informationally transparent firms using “hard” information, while small banks have advantages in lending to smaller, less transparent firms using “soft” information. We go beyond this paradigm to analyze the comparative advantages of large and small banks in specific lending technologies. Our analysis begins with the identification of fixed-asset lending technologies used to make small business loans. Our results suggest that large banks do not have equal advantages in all of these hard lending technologies and these advantages are not all increasing monotonically in firm size, contrary to the predictions of the current paradigm. We also analyze lines of credit without fixed-asset collateral to focus on relationship lending. We confirm that small banks have a comparative advantage in relationship lending, but this appears to be strongest for lending to the largest firms.     

基于担保机制的网络联保融资模式创新

中小企业因经营规模小、管理不完善、信息披露机制不健全等原因使银企之间出现信息不对称,导致商业银行在贷款时出于风险的考虑不愿意向中小企业放款。网络联保贷款为解决中小企业融资难和降低银行贷款风险提供了一条新路径。但在内外部约束不够强烈的条件下,网络联保运行机制会出现失效,企业倾向于选择策略性违约而给银行带来损失。为进一步降低风险,将担保制度引入到网络联保融资模式中,可以有效降低企业策略性违约的概率。     

“积成电子”知识产权质押贷款案例剖析

知识产权质押贷款为有技术、有潜质的中小企业间接融资,为市场疲软的商业银行放贷提供了新思路,找到了兼容点。但企业对知识产权商业机密的保护等与银行对信息对称的需求存在冲突。这种困境的突破,有赖于政府的牵线搭桥和银企间建立良好的合作基础。     

Market response to syndicated loan announcements from high-profile failed and acquiring banks during the global financial crisis

Previous studies that have examined the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on syndicated loans have ignored potential differences between lending banks by explicitly or implicitly aggregating all lenders together and focusing on borrower characteristics. One must jointly consider both borrower and lender to fully understand the complex role of the syndicate during this period. We consider the identity of the lender, with a focus on five major US banks that failed and their five corresponding acquirers. Our results highlight the distinct roles of investment and commercial banks and facilitate an understanding of relationship and transactional-based lending.     

Did the crisis induce credit rationing for French SMEs?

This paper focuses on the access of independent French SMEs to bank lending and analyzes whether the observed evolution of credit to SMEs over the recent period was “demand driven” as a result of the decrease in firms’ activity and investment projects or was “supply driven” with an increase in credit “rationing” stemming from a more cautious behavior of banks. Based on a sample of around 60,000 SMEs, we come to the conclusion that, despite the stronger standards used by banks when granting credit, French SMEs do not appear to have been strongly affected by credit rationing since 2008. This result goes against the common view that SMEs suffered from a strong credit restriction during the crisis but is perfectly in line with the results of several surveys about the access to finance of SMEs recently conducted in France.     

Loan officers and relationship lending to SMEs

Previous research suggests that loan officers may play a critical role in relationship lending by producing soft information about SMEs. For the first time, we analyze this hypothesis and find empirical evidence that indicates that loan officer activities are associated with bank production of soft information. We also find that loan officers at small banks produce more soft information than at large banks, but large banks appear to have the equivalent potential to underwrite relationship loans. Nevertheless, large banks choose instead to focus their resources on transactions lending.