我国房地产证券化模式问题探讨

房地产证券化是房地产业与金融行业有机结合的桥梁。这个在美国20世纪60年代出现的创新金融工具如今已风靡全球，并成了21世纪全球金融结构调整及金融工具创新的亮点，也必将成为我国房地产金融发展的基本趋势。本文在分析借鉴美国、英国、日本等发达国家房地产证券化模式的基础上，针对我国房地产行业与金融行业的实际，提出了分别采用封闭式房地产投资信托基金模式、出售型土地使用权信托方式、设立单项房地产公司或单项契约型基金以及房地产抵押贷款等多种模式协同促进我国房地产证券化发展的思路。     

研投究稿报须告知精粹北大核心CSSCI

《欧洲房地产投资信托基金发展的借鉴与启示》近年来,中国房地产企业杠杆率居高不下,偿债压力较大,融资渠道受限。为缓解房地产企业现金流压力,推动房地产行业转型发展,房地产企业资产证券化尤其是房地产投资信托基金(Real Estate Investment Trust,REITs),被业界认为是解决房地产企业融资问题、推动房地产市场加快转型的重要途径。     

房地产投资信托基金财务视角研究

2007年,美国爆发了次贷危机,进而引发了更大规模的金融危机,造成了世界范围内金融经济的巨大波动。次贷危机的爆发,表明以信贷资产证券化为主要手段的基于债权的房地产金融市场出现了问题。进入21世纪以来,在以房地产投资信托基金为代表的房地产股权市场上,上市权益型房地产投资信托基金已经成为市场主流。所谓房地产投资信托基金是指通过发行基金受益凭证募集资     

房地产证券化创新对美国经济的影响及其启示

房地产证券化是指房地产资产转化为可向投资者销售的证券的过程.自20世纪60年代以来,美国兴起了一场全面的房地产证券化浪潮.在这一浪潮中,一些具有创新意义的房地产证券化方式得到了迅速发展.这些方式主要包括住房抵押贷款证券化、商业房地产抵押贷款证券化、房地产实物资产证券化以及房地产投资基金1.至2000年,以各种证券化方式发行的房地产相关证券的市值达4.5万亿美元左右,在美国证券市场中占有十分重要的地位.本文旨在分析和阐述房地产证券化创新对美国经济体系的影响,并在这一基础上初步探讨房地产证券化在我国的创新问题.     

关于完善我国房地产投资信托相关法律的探讨

美国次贷危机加深了人们对于房地产融资的担忧,加之新颁布的中国政府房地产新政缩紧银行信贷投放,致使房地产业融资瓶颈愈发突显.在这种情况下,推行房地产投资信托REITs正当其时.美国房地产投资信托基金日趋发展成熟,REITs不仅是房地产融资工具,其本质上也是一种证券化的产业投资基金,具有其他投资工具无可比拟的特点与优势.然而,REITs在我国的推行将面临着信托法、证券法、税法等许多方面的法律障碍和潜在的法律风险国情.在对其进行法律调整时需要借鉴美国相关的立法经验来构建完整的法律体系,设立专门法,完善现有的基础法,建立适合我国国情的房地产投资信托法律制度.     

发行房地产投资信托基金的探讨

房地产投资信托基金（Real Estate Investment Trusts,REITs）,是从事房地产买卖、开发．管理等经营活动的投资信托。它实质上是一种证券化的产业投资基金。 由于REITs本质上是房地产融资（大部分是权益融资）的一种模式．通过发行REITs将所拥有的部分资产套现,特别是通过IPO完成一次性融资,是绝大多数发行REITs的基本动机。     

美国REITs的发展对我国的启示

房地产投资信托作为一种活跃并促进房地产市场健康发展的金融工具日益得到世界各国的关注.而美国是房地产投资信托的发源地.通过对美国房地产投资信托的发展历程、设立条件、相关法律法规政策支持以及运行模式等方面的分析,借鉴美国的经验,探讨我国发展房地产投资信托的意义及相关可行性建议,并展望我国房地产投资信托的发展前景.     

亚洲与美国关于REITs发展模式的比较分析

通过分析REITs在美国、香港、新加坡、日本、韩国、澳大利亚等国家和地区的发展历程，比较REITs的两种发展模式和立法要求，以期在我国房地产行业从房地产开发向房地产投资转型阶段中，对发展房地产投资信托基金（REITs）提供借鉴意义。     

房地产投资信托研究的进展

20世纪60年代产生于美国的房地产投资信托,自20世纪90年代后飞速发展并进入欧洲、亚洲等国际市场。澳大利亚、英国、日本、香港等许多国家和地区纷纷借鉴其制度设计,发展本地的房地产投资信托业务。20世纪80年代以来对REITs的法律制度、资产属性、并购、投资价值、股息政策、资本结构、代理成本、IPO、投资回报、投资战略等方面进行了深入研究。     

浅析房地产金融创新——房地产投资信托基金

近年来，由于国家出台了一系列对房地产行业的宏观调控政策，使房地产业的资金紧缺状态表现得较为突出，特别是央行121号件的出台，房地产开发企业过去单纯依靠银行贷款、自有资金、销售回款支撑的传统融资体系显然已经不适应新时期的需要，借助资本市场这个助推器实现产业资本和金融资本的融合将是一个必然的趋势。根据国际上房地产业的发展经验，积极推进房地产融资多元化，创新房地产金融市场是促进房地产业健康发展的方向。目前在我国房地产投融资的新渠道主要有两种方式：一是住房贷款的证券化，二是房地产投资信托，而规范的房地产投资信托基金是房地产金融创新的发展趋势。     

Equity cross-listings in the U.S. and the price of debt

Using a large panel from 46 countries over 20 years, we find that non-U.S. firms issue corporate bonds more frequently and at lower offering yields following an equity cross-listing on a U.S. exchange. Firms issue more bonds through public offerings instead of private placements and in foreign markets rather than at home, in both cases at significantly lower yields. Moreover, the debt-related benefits are concentrated among firms domiciled in countries with less private benefits of control, efficient debt enforcement, and developed bond markets, suggesting that equity cross-listings cannot completely offset the impact of weak home country institutions. The results support the notion that the monitoring, transparency, and visibility benefits brought about by equity cross-listings on U.S. exchanges are valuable to bond investors.     

Costs and regulation in the U.K. telecommunications industry

This article is written in the belief that it is important to encourage research into accounting for regulated industries. It seeks to illustrate this by considering as an exemplar the use of Accounting Separation (using regulated industry nomenclature) and hierarchical costing systems in the U.K. telecommunications industry concentrating on their use by BT and the telecommunications regulator. Accounting Separation seeks to use accounting means to partition the organization into elements as independent as possible from other parts of the organization. The published output of this system is meant to inform competitors of BT's costs for the regulated network components they use. These costs are also used in setting interconnection charges. These are charges that other operators pay for connecting with and using the BT system. This is not the accounting system used in decision making by BT. Nor does it represent the only accounting information obtained by the regulator. The focus of this article is upon how far the BT accounting system satisfies the accounting conditions required to allow the incremental costs and stand alone costs of the partitioned elements of the organization to be determined in a setting using a hierarchical accounting system. Methods of overcoming some of the identified problems are suggested. The importance of correct approaches to joint costs is highlighted concentrating on the treatment of joint costs in regulation. The accounting ideas discussed here would seem to have application well beyond regulated firms but seem neglected generally in management accounting.     

Hedging and Value in the U.S. Airline Industry

This article discusses the findings and practical import of the authors' study of the fuel hedging activity of 28 U.S. airlines during the period 1992‐2003. The aim of the study was to answer the following question: Does fuel hedging add value to the airlines and, if so, how? The airline industry provides a natural experiment for investigating the relation between hedging and value for a number of reasons: (1) the industry is by and large competitive and remarkably homogeneous; (2) airlines are exposed to a single, volatile input commodity—jet fuel—that represents a major economic expense for all competitors; and (3) fuel price increases cannot be easily passed through to customers because of competitive pressures in the industry. The results of the study show that jet fuel hedging is positively related to airline firm value. Those airlines that hedged their fuel costs had Tobin's Q ratios that were 5‐10% higher, on average, than those of airlines that did not hedge. What's more, the higher the proportion of future fuel requirements hedged, the larger the valuation premium. The authors' results also suggest that the main source of value added by hedging in the airline industry is its role in preserving the firm's ability to take advantage of investment opportunities that arise when fuel prices are high and airline operating cash fl ows and values are down. Consistent with this argument, the study finds that the value premium associated with hedging increases with the level of the firm's capital spending. The authors also report that the most active hedgers of fuel costs among the airlines are the larger firms with the least debt and highest credit ratings. This result is somewhat surprising, at least to the extent that smaller airlines are expected to have larger financial distress costs (as a percentage of firm value) and hence greater motive to hedge. One explanation is that the smaller airlines have lacked either sufficient resources or the strategic foresight to acquire a derivatives hedging capability. A second possibility—one that is consistent with the study's main findings—is that the largest airlines also have the highest costs of financial distress (even as a percentage of firm value) in the form of larger growth opportunities that could be lost as a result of high leverage and financial risk. In other words, only the largest airlines are typically able to buy distressed assets during periods of industry weakness; to the extent this is so, such firms may also have the most to gain from hedging.     

Seasonality in Stock Price Mean Reversion: Evidence from the U.S. and the U.K.

The evidence of slowly mean-reverting components in stock prices has been controversial. The hypothesis of stock price mean-reversion is tested using a regression model that yields the highest asymptotic power among a class of regression tests. Although the evidence that the equally weighted index of stocks exhibits mean-reversion is significant in the period 1926–1988, this phenomenon is entirely concentrated in January. In the post-war period both the equally weighted and the value-weighted indices exhibit seasonal mean-reversion in January. A similar phenomenon is also observed for the equally weighted index of stocks traded on the London Stock Exchange.     

Lobbying of accounting standard-setting bodies in the U.K. and the U.S.A.: A Downsian analysis

This paper examines the response of those affected by financial accounting standards to new accounting rules. The efforts of individuals and organizations to promote or obstruct such rules are described collectively as lobbying. The Downsian voting model provides the framework for the discussion of important aspects of lobbying, namely the characteristics of lobbyists, the timing of their lobbying and the methods they are likely to employ. The analysis is illustrated with examples drawn from U.K. and U.S. experience of standard-setting.     

Macroeconomic Announcements and the Distribution of Price-Endings in the U.S. Treasury Market

We investigate how new information impacts quote clustering in the bond market. We find that clustering, along with quote activity, price volatility and bid-ask spreads, increases sharply in the minutes following releases of macroeconomic news. Each returns to near-normal levels within the hour. Effects are strongest for more liquid on-the-run notes and for the announcements typically associated with substantial information flow. The strong positive comovement of clustering, quote activity, price volatility, and bid-ask spreads supports the conclusion that innovations of these variables are endogenous to the arrival and incorporation of information into prices.     

Geographic Deregulation and Competition in the U.S. Banking Industry

We examine the effects of geographic deregulation on state‐level competition in U.S. banking markets over the period 1976‐2005. The empirical results confirm that the U.S. banks in general operated under monopolistic competition during the period examined. After partitioning the sample based on bank size we find that the market competition for large banks in Delaware, Oregon, and Rhode Island can be characterized as monopolistic while small banks in Arizona and Massachusetts seem to have operated under the conditions of perfect competition. The removal of geographic restrictions appears to have very limited and non‐uniform effect on state‐level competitive conduct. There is some evidence that the U.S. banking industry might have actually experienced a less competitive behavior in recent years due to increased market power of larger banks.     

Transfer Pricing Practices and Regulatory Actions in the U.S. and U.K.: A Cross-Country Comparison and Analysis

With the continued globalization of world markets, transfer pricing has become one of the dominant sources of controversy in international taxation. Cross-country differences in transfer pricing practices and regulations present challenges to taxing authorities and multinational enterprises (MEs). In the last two decades, tax authorities in the United States (U.S.) and other countries have brought major court cases against MEs accused of underpayment of taxes through transfer pricing practices. This paper discusses transfer pricing practices, regulatory agencies, penalties related to violations, and proper documentation required in the U.S. and one of its major trading partners, the United Kingdom (U.K.). The paper also examines the acceptable valuation methods allowed as a surrogate for arm's-length transactions as established by the country's regulatory agency. Finally, the paper discusses the similarities and differences between the major court cases related to transfer pricing in the two countries.     

美国可持续竞争力及其宏观制度创新机制

一个国家如何保护长期稳定的发展并促使其国际竞争力不断提高，是当前需要研究和解决的重大课题。本文对国家竞争力研究评析的基础上，提出了国家可持续竞争力的新概念，其宗旨在于探索一个国家保持和提升竞争力的根本原因和政府对策，文章以美国为例证论述了一个国家的可持续竞争力是该国宏观制度均衡状况的标志和结果。