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农村劳动力回流趋势增强,不可避免对农地流转产生影响。文章在理论层面深入剖析了回流劳动力的就业选择与农地转出关系,并采用上海财经大学"千村调查"的数据资料,实证检验了农村劳动力回流特征变化和回流劳动力就业选择对农地转出的影响。研究发现,受非农就业不稳定的推力作用和与家人团聚的拉力作用,越来越多的外出劳动力选择回流,西部外出劳动力回流率最高,达到47.2%。回流劳动力的农地转出率普遍高于非回流劳动力的农地转出率,回流劳动力从事非农生产的就业选择对农地转出存在促进效应,而兼业和务农的选择对农地转出存在抑制效应,这意味着回流农村劳动力并非一定会选择农业生产,也可能选择在更小的地理半径内从事非农就业,并且长期外出从事技术工的经历进一步增强了劳动力回流对农地转出的抑制效应。虽然回流劳动力更倾向非农就业,但回流劳动力规模的扩大,使得兼业和纯务农的比例增加,对农地转出的抑制效应呈增强趋势。研究还发现,个人特征、家庭因素、社会网络也是影响劳动力就业选择和农地转出的重要因素,基层政府和地方政府在推动非农就业的政策合力上存在部分抵消,对农地转出产生了抑制作用。文章为农地流转进程缓慢提供了新的解释,推进农地流转需要关注农村劳动力流动特征新变化,同时兼顾各层级政策目标的衔接性。 相似文献
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《世界经济研究》2019,(7)
文章利用WTO/OECD-TIVA数据库和WIOD数据库提供的基础数据,深入考察了嵌入亚太价值链对中国各类技能劳动力就业规模的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,总体而言,嵌入亚太价值链对各技能劳动力就业均具有显著的促进效应,其中,高技能劳动力的促进效应最强,低技能劳动力次之,中技能劳动力最弱;具体从前、后向嵌入度来看,后向嵌入亚太价值链对各技能劳动力就业均具有显著促进作用,而前向嵌入亚太价值链仅显著促进了高技能劳动力就业,且无论从显著性水平还是从系数符号与大小来看,后向嵌入亚太价值链的影响效应均大于前向嵌入。需特别说明的是,以上结论因行业技术水平与价值链合作经济体的不同而存在显著差异。进一步的影响机制检验表明,总产出规模扩大和劳动生产效率提升是嵌入亚太价值链影响各技能劳动力就业规模的重要渠道。 相似文献
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本文利用1997~2006年美国制造业的面板数据,从静态和动态的角度实证检验了美国制造业与发展中国家的进、出口贸易对美国制造业就业总量的影响。估计结果表明,考虑进、出口贸易对技术创新的驱动作用以后,进、出口贸易对就业的影响与理论预期存在不一致性,进口贸易不仅没有通过替代国内生产而减少劳动密集制造部门对劳动力的需求,反而促进了该部门的就业增长;出口贸易也没有通过产出扩大效应而增加劳动密集制造部门对劳动力的需求,出口贸易对就业的促进效应仅仅体现在技术密集制造部门。由于美国劳动力市场中存在价格效应、规模效应和劳动力需求的趋势效应,与发展中国家的进、出口贸易对美国制造业就业的影响呈现明显的滞后性和动态调整特征。 相似文献
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解决“三农”问题关键是如何促进农村剩余劳动力就业,提高农民收入。然而受到2008年美国的金融危机的影响。农村劳动力就业更加困难。目前解决农村劳动力就业问题行之有效的方式是发展农业产业集群。文章深入分析农业产业集群对农村劳动力就业的作用机理,从农业产业集群的角度,提出了解决农村劳动力就业的政策建议。 相似文献
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基于由WIOD数据库整理所得的1995~2011年中国制造业行业面板数据,文章从整体就业和不同技能劳动力就业两个维度实证分析了离岸服务外包的就业效应。研究发现:总体而言,离岸服务外包具有技能偏向型特征,因为离岸服务外包有助于高技能劳动力就业,而抑制了低技能劳动力就业;离岸服务外包对就业的影响具有显著的承接国异质性,由发达国家承接的离岸服务外包对中高技能劳动力就业具有显著的促进作用,而由发展中家承接的离岸服务外包与其恰好相反;无论从不同技能劳动力就业视角还是从不同承接国视角来看,离岸服务外包对就业的替代效应均显著为负,而效率效应均显著为正。 相似文献
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产业集群与劳动力就业扩张机制研究——以广东省为例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
当今世界,产业集群在经济发展中的重要作用日益突出。在我国由于劳动力数量众多,一方面,要解决城市劳动力的就业问题;另一方面,要转移大量的农村剩余劳动力。因此本文以产业集群的理论为基础,着眼于产业集群对劳动力就业的影响,以广东省为例,用数据分析方法,分析不同的产业集群程度与劳动力就业扩张的相关关系,并且进一步分析产业集群对农村劳动力转移与就业的促进作用。最后得出结论:促进产业集群的发展,有利于解决我国的劳动力就业问题。 相似文献
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出口企业转型对中国劳动力就业与工资的影响:基于倾向评分匹配估计的经验分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文采用2000~2006年持续经营的工业企业数据,运用基于倍差法的倾向评分匹配估计方法从微观层面分析了中国出口企业转型对就业和工资增长的作用。结果表明,只要不退出出口市场,外销型企业转型行为基本不显著影响其就业和工资增长;而外销型企业转型为完全内销型企业对劳动力市场的影响主要体现在减少就业规模方面,且作用途径主要为产出渠道。 相似文献
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This paper analyzes the effects of wages, openness, and demand on employment in the private manufacturing industry in Turkey based on panel data for the period of 1973–2001. The wage elasticity of employment increases after trade liberalization. Nevertheless, output elasticity of labor demand is higher than wage elasticity in the total manufacturing sector for the whole estimation period, and in the high- and medium-skilled sectors in the post-1980 period. Trade effects, after controlling for output, seem to have a low economic significance. The positive effects of exports on the labor intensity of production are low or are offset by labor saving effects of foreign trade, particularly in the high- and medium-skilled sectors. On the other hand, there is some evidence of a negative import effect in the low-skilled sectors, whereas in the high- and medium-skilled group a complementary relation between domestic labor and imported inputs dominates the effects. 相似文献
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Recent literature on global value chains (GVCs) has mainly focused on manufacturing firms’ global sourcing and investment strategies. Our question here is that, if the manufacturing firms established foreign manufacturing plants and engaged in sourcing inputs and exporting outputs, have they changed their domestic employment composition toward service workers? This is what we call servicification of manufacturing firms in this paper. To answer this question, using Korean firm-establishments matched data, we examine changes in the shares of service employment in manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2013, when those firms are participating in both import-and-export and foreign direct investment (i.e., GVC firms). We find that the two-way trading firms that own manufacturing plants in foreign countries—and particularly in nearby foreign countries—have changed their domestic employment structures to increase the number of service workers they employ. Moreover, the relatively greater increase in the share of R&D workers than of wholesale-and-retail workers serves as further evidence of the servicification of domestic manufacturing. Overall, our findings suggest that Korean firms who engage in GVCs through both trade and foreign direct investment have reorganized domestic labor structure to be able to provide high value-added headquarter services for their manufacturing plants that are closely located in foreign countries. 相似文献
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《World development》2001,29(1):167-188
A holistic approach to schooling in developing countries—considering schooling in conjunction with labor force work, child care, and other household responsibilities—is necessary to construct policies that will encourage greater educational attainment, especially for children and youth in poor families. Using data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU), we jointly estimate the determinants of studying and working, doing both, or doing neither for 12- to 17 year-olds in urban Mexico. We consider the implications of defining work to include both labor force employment and household domestic work, in contrast to the traditional definition of market-based employment. Results based on the traditional definition indicate that girls are 13.8 percentage points more likely than boys to specialize in school, while those based on the more inclusive measure of work indicate that girls are 7.7 percentage points less likely than boys to specialize in school. 相似文献
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我国的动态劳动需求及就业保护制度的影响:基于动态面板数据的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
动态劳动需求描述了劳动力应对外部冲击的调整过程,是劳动力市场灵活性的重要体现,本文首次使用动态面板数据,对我国的动态劳动需求进行了研究,并检验了就业保护制度对动态劳动需求的影响。结果发现,我国国有及具有规模以上非国有工业企业的就业调整存在明显的刚性,遇到外部冲击时,企业需要2.56年时间完成劳动力调整的50%,对雇佣和解雇行为进行管制的就业保护制度显著减缓了劳动力调整速度。当经济环境变好时,就业保护制度减缓了企业劳动力投入的增长速度;当经济环境恶化时,就业保护制度减缓了企业裁减劳动力的速度。总体来说,就业保护有利于维护已经就业的劳动者的利益,但会使失业劳动者和新进入劳动力市场的劳动者寻找工作更加困难。 相似文献
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劳动力市场上,劳动动力需求的最大特征就是其派生性,因此地区产业结构的调整必将对劳动力的需求产生很大影响,并进而影响劳动力市场的就业和稳定。本文分析了对于山西这样的资源型城市在转型过程中,应优先考虑重点发展就业弹型大的劳动密集型产业、第三产业以及关联度高的产业等,从而使得产业结构调整中所创造的新的劳动力需求能够与供给相匹配,从而避免给劳动力市场带来巨大冲击与影响。 相似文献
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Do E‐verify mandates improve labor market outcomes of low‐skilled native and legal immigrant workers?
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We examine the impact of the 2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act (LAWA) on employment outcomes of low‐skilled legal workers. We use the synthetic control method to select a group of states against which the labor market trends of Arizona can be compared. Our results suggest that contrary to its intent, LAWA does not appear to have improved labor market outcomes of legal low‐skilled workers who compete with unauthorized immigrants, the target of the legislation. In fact, we find some evidence of diminished employment and increased unemployment among legal low‐skilled workers in Arizona. These findings are concentrated on the largest demographic group of workers—non‐Hispanic white men. While they are less likely to find employment, those who do have on average higher earnings as a result of LAWA. The pattern of results points to both labor supply and labor demand contractions due to LAWA, with labor supply dominating in terms of magnitude. 相似文献
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新疆当前就业形势及存在问题分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
充分就业是全面建设小康社会的一个重要目标。2006年新疆就业形势好于往年,但劳动力充分就业的需求与劳动力总量增加的矛盾突出;劳动者素质与就业需求不相适应的结构性矛盾突出;大中专毕业生尤其是少数民族毕业生就业形势依然严峻。针对这些问题,本文提出了一些解决新疆就业问题的对策建议。 相似文献
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中国工业化进程与劳动力就业关系研究综述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
工业化进程的加速推进与劳动力就业在一定程度上是存在矛盾的,国内外众多专家学者对这一问题也做了相应研究。文章分别从加速工业化进程对劳动力就业的抑制、促进和新型工业化与劳动力就业三方面对现有文献进行了梳理,并进行了评述,为进一步研究提供了理论基础和研究空间。今后进一步研究的方向主要是工业化进程与劳动力就业相互影响的内部机理,以为合理工业化路径选择和有效的劳动力就业模式提供理论支持。 相似文献
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中国劳动力供求总量关系的变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
改革开放之后,中国劳动力供给总量因为人口的自然增长、企业改革以及农业改革催生过多剩余劳动力出现,从而呈现出不断上升的态势;而劳动力需求总量也成上升态势,但是就业弹性却处于不断波动之中。劳动力供求缺口仍在加大。不过,从长期来看,劳动力供求的矛盾会由于劳动力供给量的减少而不断得到缓解。 相似文献
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Yasuyuki SAWADA Kensuke KUBO Nobuhiko FUWA Seiro ITO Takashi KUROSAKI 《The Developing economies》2006,44(4):465-499
There is an emerging consensus that lack of credit is a major cause of child labor and inequality in the intrahousehold distribution of resources. At the same time, patterns in how children spend their time appear to be strongly influenced by maternal employment decisions. This paper includes an assessment of the effect of credit constraints on maternal employment and that of maternal employment on the intrahousehold allocation of labor, a nexus which has been left unexplored by existing studies. Three findings emerge: (1) a mother is more likely to work outside when a household lacks resources, and her domestic labor can be easily replaced by other members, (2) credit market accessibility is one of the major determinants of maternal labor, and (3) elder daughters assume a large part of the burden of maternal employment by providing domestic labor. Under binding credit constraints, results of this study support the collective as opposed to the unitary model of households. 相似文献