Imports,technology, and employment: Job creation or creative destruction

This study examines the employment impact of technology by using firm-level survey data for a large number of developing countries. We not only examine the impact of technology on overall employment but also investigate the effect on different types of employment, such as skilled, unskilled, temporary, and seasonal. Considering asymmetric distribution of employment, we utilize quantile regression for empirical analysis. Our findings unequivocally suggest that technology does not kill jobs. Further, we could not find any skill-biased impact of technology. Finally, results suggest that technology received through alternative sources works in combination, enhances absorptive capacity and promotes employment.     

Job creation,job destruction and employment growth in transition countries in the 90s

We analyze job flows in five transition countries: Poland, Estonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Using comparable firm level data over the years 1993–1997, we find that in early transition job destruction dominates job creation, while the latter is picking over time; most job reallocation occurs within, rather than across sectors; ownership and firm size are the most relevant characteristics for understanding the dynamics of job flows. We investigate job creation and destruction at the firm level by estimating a firm growth equation. Our results indicate patterns of gross job flows and firm growth remarkably similar to those in market-based economies.     

The topography of metropolitan employment: Identifying centers of employment in a polycentric urban area

While it is well recognized that US metropolitan areas are polycentric, there is little consensus as to the appropriate method for identifying concentrations of employment within them. Existing methods suffer from strong assumptions about parametric form, misspecification, or reliance on local knowledge to calibrate model parameters. This paper introduces a new nonparametric method for identifying subcenters. Results indicate that this, more flexible, nonparametric approach yields greater accuracy with regard to both urban and suburban centers compared with other approaches. This approach should provide better data for the numerous topics that depend on the spatial accounting of employment within metropolitan areas.     

宁国巨变——写在6年后重访宁国之际

当确定用<宁国巨变>来作我们这篇文章的标题时,我们心感有点自不量力.因为这样评语式又肯定性的标题.应该出自大人物之手或之口才合适,可我们琢磨来琢磨去,脑子里总难于寻找到更为合适的词汇来表述宁国今天的发展变化.因而.我们只能将自己的所见、所闻、所思跃然于本文的字里行间.宁国是否巨变,请读者自己评说.     

New firms and employment creation

This paper uses some simple microeconomic tools to explain the net effect on employment of different types of new firm formation. The first section of the paper examines the way in which actual employment in new firms has been calculated in recent empirical studies. The next section looks at the relationship between the actual and net employment effects of formations and argues that the former may not be a good guide to the latter. The final section examines the policy implications of the analysis.     

Public investment and employment creation: Ex-post evaluations and ex-ante decisions

Project appraisal methods are used to evaluate capital-subsidies to industry. The estimation of employment as a consequence of this aid, compared to that which would have resulted without the policy, is discussed, as well as the secondary effects elsewhere in the labor market. Investment projects are evaluated in private financial terms, public exchequer costs and returns, and social costs benefit analysis. Only limited inference can be drawn from ex-post evaluations as to the appropriateness of exante decisions. Ex-ante appraisals of selective financial assistance to firms, which have been undertaken, rarely seem to be adequate assessments.     

Job creation in Western Europe and North America

Here the authors attempt to assess the extent to which job creation programmes in Western Europe and North America have met their main objectives. It is argued that moves are being made to adapt programmes to expected changes in employment markets in the future.     

The spatial impact of employment centres on housing markets

The spatial impact of employment centres on housing markets. Spatial Economic Analysis. Local economic growth tends to affect neighbourhood house prices unevenly. It has been observed that prime locations experience price hikes far in excess of the surrounding local area. Yet, this phenomenon is not well captured by existing economic models. This research provides a model of spatial and temporal interactions between housing and employment markets. The results show that rapid growth of employment centres increases house prices in neighbouring locations even after adjusting for fundamentals. It is concluded that spatial clustering of companies creates an option value for existing and potential employees that goes beyond ease of access for commuting purposes.     

Local authority employment creation initiatives: Who gets the jobs?

Over recent years a number of British local authorities have sought to increase employment by the provision of industrial premises of various sorts. This paper investigates the number and type of jobs created and explores whether these were filled by the unemployed, by school-leavers or by previously employed workers.     

Long-term earnings and employment effects of housing voucher receipt

Using a propensity score matching approach coupled with difference-in-differences regression analysis, we estimate the effect of housing voucher receipt on the employment and earnings of a large longitudinal sample of low-income families for 6 years following voucher receipt. Our results indicate that voucher receipt has little effect on employment, but a negative effect on earnings. The negative earnings effect is largest in the years immediately following initial receipt, and fades out over time. In addition, we find that the pattern of recipient earnings responses to voucher receipt differs substantially across demographic subgroups. Several robustness tests are run to support the reliability of our findings. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and policy.     

Job creation initiatives in the UK: the large company role

In recent years many large companies – mainly those making large scale redundancies – have made efforts to stimulate job creation in the localities in which they are based. Although this has succeeded in helping to create jobs, it has been criticised, prompting major sponsors of such initiatives to consider how job creation strategies can be made more effective.     

都市区,都市圈和都市带的概念界定与比较分析

鉴于当前学术界关于大城市地域空间组织若干概念的分歧,针对都市区、都市圈和都市带的概念进行了界定,认为它们分别处于城市化的不同发展阶段,是大城市地域空间组织从简单到复杂、从低级到高级演变的结果。并进一步对都市区、都市圈和都市带在人口规模、空间尺度、社会经济、空间结构等方面的特征进行了比较分析。     

Three-rate property taxation and housing construction

This paper examines the effect of property taxation on housing construction. In 2001, Finnish municipalities were allowed to levy an extra property tax on undeveloped land zoned for housing. Municipalities that adopted the new tax instrument have a three-rate tax property tax system with different tax rates on land before development, land after development and buildings. The remaining municipalities have a two-rate system with a uniform land tax and a building tax. A theoretical model of decisions by landowners suggests that the pre-development land tax ought to lead to faster development, but also the density of development may be affected. In the two-rate system land tax is neutral. The empirical results suggest that landowners respond to the tax incentives. Municipalities that adopted the three-rate property tax system saw an increase in single-family housing starts of roughly 12 percent.     

Dynamics of metropolitan growth and unemployment

The author presents a demand-oriented model of metropolitan growth with explicit regard to urban unemployment and spatial growth. The long-term behavior of several factors, including population, is examined in response to exogenous demand growth for output     

浅析房屋建筑工程造价管理

随着经济的飞速发展和城镇化进程的不断推进,房屋的建设也不断加快,房屋建筑工程数量也在不断攀升。为了在保障工程质量的基础上实现经济效益最大化,很多企业都开始重视加强工程造价的管理。文章首先介绍了工程造价的概念及其必要性,然后,讨论了房屋建筑工程造价中存在的问题,最后,根据存在的问题,提出了房屋建筑工程造价的管理策略。     

Modelling metropolitan population growth and change: The IIPS simulator

This paper describes selected aspects of a large scale urban simulation project (IIPS). Emphasis is on design and empirical evaluation of a model of metropolitan population growth and change. Functions for determining ‘behavior’ of fertility and net-migration are specified and an important linkage between the IIPS population and land use models is illustrated. In a final section, the reader is introduced to a relatively unique computer sumulation-supervisor.     

Integrating parametric and non-parametric multivariate analysis of urban growth and commuting patterns in a European metropolitan area

Quality & Quantity - Mono-centric regions have experienced a progressive transformation towards polycentric structures. Transition to discontinuous and dispersed spatial configurations was...     

Differentiating employment prospects by industry and returns to job search in metropolitan areas

The role of differentiating employment prospects by the industry of the employer in the job seeker's calculation of the returns to search is analyzed. It is demonstrated that returns to search can vary systematically between metropolitan areas because of differing mixes of industry employment; it is argued that an increase in a measure of dispersion in the industry mix will tend to raise returns to job search. To test this hypothesis, cross sections of census data on unemployment rates of male experienced workers in each of the seven major occupational groups were analyzed. Statistically significant regression equations were obtained for three occupational groups (craftsmen, nonfarm laborers, and operatives); in all these cases the results supported the hypothesis of the paper.     

House price convergence: Evidence from US state and metropolitan area panels

We study house price convergence in panels of US states and metropolitan areas. Our analysis is centered on three issues. First, we test whether the US house prices are converging over time using log t convergence test by Phillips and Sul (2007). The test results suggest that there is little evidence of overall convergence. The second issue is to investigate the possibility of a convergence club where the cross-sectional dispersion of house prices of the club members decreases over time. We utilize a clustering algorithm and the results support that there is strong evidence of multiple convergence clubs. Finally, we examine the general characteristics of the various convergence and divergence subgroups as well as some important driving forces of convergence clubs. We find that housing supply regulation together with climate are important determinants of convergence club membership.     

房屋建筑工程施工阶段监理质量控制刍议

质量是人类文明程度的标志,建筑工程质量责任重于泰山,关系到人民生命财产安全和建筑单位的企业形象。文章从监理的角度对建筑工程项目中施工监理质量控制方法进行了初步的分析。