对外直接投资进入模式影响因素研究

从实物期权理论出发,探讨了对外直接投资者采用绿地投资和跨国并购进入东道国模式选择的影响因素,并对2011年-2015年浙江省上市公司对外直接投资的相关数据进行实证检验,结果表明对外直接投资模式选择符合基于实物期权理论的假设。东道国的增长机会越多,投资的不可逆性越强,企业越倾向采用绿地投资进入模式,并且绿地投资的投资规模相对跨国并购的较小。     

产业政策与对外直接投资——来自中国上市公司的证据

产业政策的扶持是企业对外直接投资竞争优势的重要来源.本文使用2006-2017年中国上市公司数据,从微观层面研究了产业政策对企业对外直接投资决策的影响及其作用机制.实证结果表明:鼓励性产业政策显著促进了企业对外直接投资;市场竞争环境、外部金融依赖度以及企业生命周期阶段均会影响产业政策的实施效果;鼓励性产业政策主要通过缓解企业面临的融资约束、增加企业研发投入促进企业进行对外直接投资;融资约束的缓解会促进企业选择跨国并购,而研发投入的增加则促进企业选择绿地投资;此外,产业政策对企业投资模式的影响还受到东道国国际投资保护程度的显著影响.     

对外直接投资能促进我国制造业跨国企业生产率提升吗——基于投资广度和投资深度的实证检验

本研究基于2009-2015年我国116家A股上市的制造业跨国企业面板数据,从投资广度和投资深度视角研究ODI对我国制造业跨国企业生产率的影响效果,研究结果表明:总体来说,我国制造业跨国企业ODI投资区域越广泛,对企业生产率的提升效果越明显,增加ODI投资深度对企业生产率无显著影响;此外,不同ODI进入模式对我国制造业跨国企业生产率的影响效果存在明显差异性,绿地投资模式下ODI投资广度的正向影响效果比跨国并购模式更明显,而跨国并购模式下增加ODI投资深度比绿地投资模式更能促进企业生产率提升;独资经营模式下ODI投资广度和投资深度对企业生产率的正向影响效果均比合资经营模式更显著。     

东道国外商投资壁垒与中国企业大型对外投资——基于投资边际、模式与成败三重视角

文章利用2005～2017年中国企业大型对外投资数据,全面考察东道国外商投资壁垒对企业投资边际、模式与成败的影响。研究发现：东道国外商投资壁垒减少有助于促进中国企业对外投资集约边际扩张,但不利于扩展边际增长;随着东道国外商投资壁垒减少,企业更倾向于选择合资股权结构和跨国并购模式进入,同时投资失败的概率也会降低。异质性分析表明,发展中国家外商投资壁垒的减少对企业对外投资扩展边际和投资失败概率的负向影响更明显;东道国外商投资壁垒减少更加显著促进了企业对外投资制造业集约边际的增长,同时更加显著降低了企业对外投资服务业失败的概率;东道国外商投资壁垒削减对国有企业对外投资扩展边际的负向作用更明显,而对民营企业集约边际和选择跨国并购模式概率的正向作用更明显。渠道分析表明,相较于对主要外国人员和其他经营方面的限制而言,东道国在外国股权和对外资歧视性筛选或批准机制方面的限制对企业对外投资决策和成败的影响更明显。     

绿地投资、跨国并购与经济增长关系的实证研究

根据1992年至2009年的数据,本文引入人力资本变量,分析比较了绿地投资、跨国并购对经济增长的作用。结果表明绿地投资与经济增长是正相关关系,跨国并购对经济增长有负作用,但是当人力资本需要达到一定的门槛时跨国并购能促进经济的增长。另通过绿地投资和跨国并购与人力资本的交叉项分析,得出跨国并购存在着技术外溢效应,而绿地投资并不存在技术外溢效应,甚至绿地投资可能会给本土企业带来竞争。     

绿地投资与跨国并购的比较研究

随着世界经济一体化的发展,FDI规模不断扩大。跨国公司进行国际直接投资有绿地投资(又称创建投资)和跨国并购两种基本方式。企业究竟应该选取绿地投资还是跨国并购方式进行直接投资呢?本文对这两种方式进行了比较分析,以对国际直接投资参与方式的选择提供借鉴。     

对外直接投资方式的更迭

随着经济的发展和经济全球化进程的加快,跨国并购逐渐取代绿地投资,成为对外直接投资的主要方式。而传统的FDI理论一直强调的是绿地投资,因此对于现在蓬勃发展的跨国并购已不再具有充分的说服力。本文将传统的对外直接投资理论加以延伸,用以解释跨国并购取代绿地投资的原因。另一方面随着我国加入世贸组织后对外开放和经济改革的深入,跨国并购也必将取代绿地投资成为中国吸引外资的主要的方式。本文在分析这种趋势的同时,也提出了我国应采取的相应对策。     

战略性资产如何影响了中国企业对美国OFDI模式选择——基于负二项回归模型的实证研究

在中国对美国直接投资规模迅猛增长的背景下,本文研究了战略性资产对新兴经济体跨国公司OFDI模式选择的影响。论文从理论上分析了战略性资产对新建投资和跨国并购模式选择的影响机制,运用负二项回归模型从"中国—美国"视角给出经验证据。结果表明,战略性资产对中国在美国OFDI选择并购模式产生了显著的正向促进作用。中国跨国公司选择以并购还是新建投资进入美国时,由于不同所有制企业海外投资目的和动机存在差异,战略性资产仅对民营企业的跨国并购产生显著影响。进一步研究表明,金融危机前后战略性资产对中国在美国投资的影响差异明显。     

我国企业对外投资方式分析

近年来，对外投资已成为我国企业参与经济全球化、形成跨国公司的重要形式。虽然我国对外投资起步相对较晚，但是对外投资却在快速的发展。随着全球并购浪潮的来临，跨国并购逐渐成为国际投资的主要方式。我国的投资方式也由“绿地投资”逐渐向跨国并购转变，并购的规模和金额也在不断的增大，尤其是近几年，大规模的跨国收购浪湖正悄然涌起。我国企业应根据企业自己的能力和经营目标，来作出正确的投资方式。     

我国企业跨国并购的影响因素与进入模式选择

跨国并购和新设投资是对外直接投资的两种股权进入模式,我国企业通过跨国并购实现的对外直接投资逐步增长,并迎来了通过跨国并购进行全球布局的较佳时期。本文分析了我国企业跨国并购和新设投资两种进入模式选择的宏观、产业和微观三类影响因素,指出我国企业跨国并购存在的主要问题,并提出了我国企业跨国并购进入模式选择的建议。     

Effects of foreign acquisitions on financial constraints,productivity and investment in R&D of target firms in China

This paper examines whether foreign acquisitions lessen financial constraints, improve investment in research & development (R&D) and productivity of the target firms in China based on a sample of 914 cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&A) over the period of 1994–2011. Using investment to cash-flow sensitivity to measure financial constraints, we find that foreign acquisitions in China are associated with a reduction of target firms’ financial constraints, irrespective of the ownership type of the target firm. However, the extent of financial constraint reduction is pronounced for non-SOEs compared to state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This study also provides evidence that foreign acquisitions improve Chinese target firms’ productivity and investment in R&D.     

Robust rules for industrial policy open economies

The theory of strategic trade policy yields ambiguous recommendations for assistance to exporting firms in oligopolistic industries. However, some writers have suggested that investment subsidies are a more robust recommendation than export subsidies. We show that, although ambiguous in principle, the case for investment subsidies is reasonably robust in practice. Except when functional forms exhibit arbitrary nonlinearities, it holds under both Cournot and Bertrand competition, with either costreducing or market-expanding investment, and with or without spillovers. Only if firms have strong asymmetries in their investment behaviour and engage in Bertrand competition is an investment tax clearly justified.     

Investment liberalization — Why a restrictive cross-border merger policy can be counterproductive

Investment liberalizing countries are often concerned that cross-border mergers and acquisitions, in contrast to greenfield investments, might have an adverse effect on domestic firms and consumers. However, given that domestic assets are sufficiently scarce, we identify a preemption effect and an asset complementarity effect, which imply that the acquisition price is substantially higher than the domestic seller's profits. Moreover, we show that for the acquisition to take place, the MNE must be sufficiently efficient when using the domestic assets, otherwise rivals will expand their business, thereby making the acquisition unprofitable. Consequently, restricting cross-border M&As may also hurt consumers.     

Multinational Firms’ Motivations and Foreign Direct Investment Decisions: An Analysis of the Software and IT and Financial Services Sectors in the Irish Context

This article focuses on the way greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) in different sectors is influenced by locational characteristics and explores the role of policy in attracting and retaining foreign investment. We contribute to the literature by empirically investigating the investment motivations of multinational companies in the software and information technology (IT) and financial services sectors in Ireland and those locational factors that contribute to the retention of FDI. The methodology used in this research is of a qualitative nature, and an exploratory deductive approach is adopted in order to gain an understanding of firms’ internationalization decisions and motivations. The data demonstrate that companies in the two sectors follow different investment motivations. Firms in the software and IT sector entered Ireland primarily because of the availability of a high‐quality workforce, whereas firms in the financial services sector entered Ireland following the deregulation of markets and the subsequent ease of doing business. The article builds on these findings to develop policy recommendations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

What drives capital flows? The case of cross-border M&A activity and financial deepening

What key roles do macroeconomic and financial variables play in the foreign direct investment (FDI) decision of firms? This question is addressed in this paper using a large panel data set of cross-border Merger & Acquisition (M&A) deals for the period 1990-1999. Various econometric specifications are built around the simple “gravity model” commonly used in the trade literature. Interestingly, financial variables and other institutional factors seem to play a significant role in M&A flows. In particular, the size of financial markets, as measured by the stock market capitalization to GDP ratio, has a strong positive association with domestic firms investing abroad. This result points to the importance of domestic financial conditions in stimulating international investment during the boom years of 1990s, and accords with the significant drop in cross-border M&As in recent years.     

Investment opportunities and dividend omissions

This study examines the market's reaction to dividend omission announcements and finds that if dividends are skipped to preserve cash for good investments, investors do not necessarily regard the omission as negative information. Markets penalize firms for dividend omissions only in the absence of a good stream of investments. In addition, the positive relation between investment opportunity and abnormal stock returns around the announcements is stronger when the level of information asymmetry between management and the rest of the market participants is low. Additional tests reveal that good omitters overcome underperformance faster in the post period. Overall, the results suggest that financial markets interpret differently the information conveyed in the announcement of dividend omission depending on the firm's future prospects.     

Similarities and differences among cross-border M&A and greenfield FDI determinants: Evidence from Asia and Oceania

Firms choose either cross-border M&A or greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) when expanding their operations overseas. In this study, by focusing on Japanese firms pursuing FDI in emerging countries in Asia and Oceania, we provide empirical evidence of the similarities and differences in cross-border M&A and greenfield FDI determinants. We derive the following four main conclusions. First, an increase in host-country population size and decreases in per capita income and corporate tax rates generally attract both inward cross-border M&A and greenfield FDI to the host country. Second, however, a home-country firm tends to choose cross-border M&A rather than greenfield FDI when the host country sufficiently implements shareholder rights laws and the firm tends to choose greenfield FDI rather than cross-border M&A when the host country adequately enforces intellectual property rights laws. Third, a firm tends to choose greenfield FDI when the firm already has regional networks in the host country and choose cross-border M&A when the purpose of the firm's overseas operations is to establish sales distribution channels. Finally, a firm pursuing cross-border M&A experiences higher cumulative abnormal returns in its stock prices following the investment, while a firm pursuing greenfield FDI experiences increases in its stock prices immediately before the investment.     

FDI Through Cross-Border Acquisitions and Greenfield Investment in Poland

Abstract

This article looks at differences in the impact on Poland of cross-border acquisitions versus greenfield foreign direct investment activity. It starts with an analysis of the main determinants of foreign direct investment and the employment opportunities that can be created from such activity. The employment contribution of each entry mode is considered, and also the impact of the entry mode on local sourcing practices and the main reason behind the particular investment. The long-term versus the short nature of investment will also be considered. The findings compare the impact of firms at the time of their entry with the more recent situation. Evidence suggests that greenfield sites have much to offer with regards to employment opportunities and value-adding activities, though acquisitions have the benefit of better access to local knowledge.     

Small Firm Investment and Financing Decisions: An Option Value Approach

This paper reviews and discusses recent developments undergone by investment theory, and tries to address both financial and real decisions within an uncertain environment, here, the Italian economy. According to the recent "option value" approach to investment, if differing degrees of reversibility characterize the accumulation process by groups of firms (small and larger firms), we should expect their investment decisions to differ under uncertainty. On the other hand, asset reversibility has an influence on firm financing policy, given the observed relationship between asset and liability composition. Assuming a different degree of investment reversibility for small and larger firms, we explore how they react to interest rate uncertainty using the Italian experience during the 1980s as a benchmark. The main result of this paper is that interest rate uncertainty exerts a negative influence on firms' investment demand. The relationship is stronger for large firms than for small firms. Another result is that firm leverage also shows a negative relationship with interest rate uncertainty.     

政府投资挤出民间投资影响因素的实证分析

投资是拉动我国经济增长的重要力量,而其中政府投资则对民间投资具有调节作用,本文基于VAR模型,对政府投资挤出民间投资的主要因素进行了实证研究,结果发现金融机构的信贷是影响政府投资挤出民间投资的主要原因,而税收以及政府在竞争领域的投资对民间投资影响较微弱,对此,文章最后提出了一些政策建议。