农地经营权流转价格扭曲的政府干预效应 ——基于边际价格理论的实证分析

研究目的：考察政府不同干预行为对农地经营权流转价格扭曲的影响效应,为完善农地生产要素配置及优化农地市场内外环境等提供政策建议。研究方法： Binary Logistic模型。研究结果：（1）当前农地经营权流转价格本应反映承包地利用产生的经济效益,由土地要素投入产出品的边际收益价值所决定;但受市场机制不完善、乡土伦理规范等多重影响,农地实际流转价格与要素价格间产生差异,表现为农地经营权流转价格扭曲。（2）政府不同的干预行为对农地经营权流转价格扭曲产生差异化效应。政府主导流转的直接干预模式会引起流转价格的高价扭曲,而通过构建流转交易平台、提供补贴等政策间接干预会缓解流转价格的低价扭曲。（3）对土地的经济诉求和保障诉求是造成流转价格扭曲的重要原因。研究结论：农地经营权流转价格的形成应交予市场,政府应避免直接干预造成价格的人为扭曲,可通过土地流转中介组织或补贴政策来间接培育优化农地市场交易环境。     

工农业商品价格剪刀差扩大的思考

近几年,“工农业商品价格剪刀差又趋扩大”的呼声四起,“由于农村工业品零售价格上涨,农民在价格上的收益减少”的说法也很流行。对此我们对十一届三中全会以来,工农业商品价格剪刀差的变化情况作了一些研究。一、工农业商品价格剪刀差的现状     

土地征用中农民土地权益受损程度研究——以江苏省为例

当前,土地征用中农民土地权益受损已经是不争的事实,因而,合理测算土地征用中农民权益受损程度将为我国未来征地制度改革提供有益的借鉴.本文采用理论模型分析法、实证分析法、比较分析法分析土地征用中农民土地权益受损程度问题.研究结果表明,由于政府垄断、工农产品价格"剪刀差"以及市场失灵的存在,扭曲了土地收益分配格局,使得土地征用中农民土地权益受损严重.实证研究结果显示,消除上述各因素影响之后,农民分享土地收益的比例大幅度提升,由原来的6.7%增加到59.5%.因此,要有效保护土地征用中农民土地权益,必须在现有征地补偿的基础上,修正因工农产品价格"剪刀差"导致农民利益损失的部分,显现农地的社会保障价值和生态价值,并考虑结束单一的土地征用制度,打破政府价格垄断,推动城乡统一土地市场的发展.     

发达地区农村土地流转的收益分配格局与扭曲程度*——基于上海市农户问卷的实地调查

［目的］土地流转收益分配一直是城乡土地利用与管理的热点话题。文章根据上海农户微观实证调查,以农地征收作为国有建设用地的增值研究状态,以集体建设用地征收、复垦和私下交易为集体建设用地流转的增值研究状态,分析不同集体土地流转的各权利主体增值收益和收益分配格局。［方法］利用阿特金森福利指数测算不同流转模式下收益分配格局的扭曲程度。［结果］（1）农地城市流转中农户和政府的收益比为1∶4718; 宅基地征收中农户和政府的收益比为1∶122; 宅基地复垦两者收益比为1∶402,农户隐形交易中农户获得农村房地产全部增值收益105 783元,政府所得收益为0; （2）农地城市流转、宅基地征收和宅基地复垦3种流转形式的综合阿特金森指数分别为0918 7, 0009 9和0361 9,即宅基地征收的阿特金森指数最低,其收益分配格局扭曲程度最低,而农地城市流转阿特金森指数最高,即收益分配扭曲程度最高; （3）从收益分配扭曲程度可推测,政府组织流转集体土地的优先序为：农地城市流转>集体建设用地复垦>集体建设用地征收。［结论］该研究不仅分析了当前农村土地流转的收益分配格局,也揭示了政府组织集体土地流转活动的动机,为进一步提高农户补偿提供了一定科学依据。     

农地非农配置价格扭曲与可持续发展

偏低的农地非农配置价格是农地过度损失的重要原因,从农地非农配置产生的社会、经济和生态纯收益出发,从理论角度探讨了农地非农配置的合理价格,进而分析转型期我国农地价格扭曲现状及原因,认为消除扭曲的最优方法是体制改革,对我国而言,减少政府干预,建立和完善农地非农配置市场是当务之急。     

农地征收价格构成与土地增值的关系

研究目的:确定适用于社会主义市场经济条件下的农地征收价格构成及土地增值空间。研究方法:文献资料法和数理统计方法。研究结果:(1)以被征地方为研究对象,从产权和消费者行为理论角度,确定农地征收价格构成。(2)以政府为对象,进行农地转为建设用地的成本收益分析,确定土地增值空间。研究结论:(1)社会主义市场经济条件下,以农地为对象,不考虑“经济人”特点确定的农地征收价格是不完整的;(2)农地社会保障价格是农地征收价格的组成部分,其实质不是土地增值;(3)根据产权理论,政府正在逐渐还原农地征收价格。     

市场发育会缩小农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异吗

农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格之间存在较大差异,这被认为是阻碍农地租赁交易顺利达成的重要原因。为揭示市场失灵抑制农地流转的内在机理,本文通过构建农地供需模型反映农地流转市场发育程度对农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异的影响,并利用中国5省14个样本村563户水稻种植户的调查数据进行实证检验。研究发现：农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异与农地流转市场发育程度存在内在关联。在农地市场失灵状态下,高昂的农地交易成本、低水平的农地市场流转价格以及农户对农地的依赖均是导致意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异形成的重要原因。农地流转市场发育能够有效降低农地流转的交易成本,提高农地市场化流转带来的收益,降低农户对农地的依赖,从而缩小农户的农地流转意愿价格差异,最终推动农地流转。异质性分析发现,现阶段在农户群体中占据主体地位的“满足口粮型”农户比“追求收入型”农户更容易受到农地流转市场发育程度的影响,农地流转市场发育将会显著缩小“满足口粮型”农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异。     

农地非农化的经济学分析

农地非农化是城市化和工业化发展的必然产物.在分析农地非农化实质的基础上,探讨了农地转用价格过低的原因,认为要充分考虑到农地的生态价值、社会价值、选择价值以及产权意义上的价值,把农地的正外部效应充分内化,修正扭曲的农地资源价格体系,在一定程度上可以抑制非农用地的数量.运用农地非农化土地一级市场的模型,认为存在农转非市场失灵,政府要在多目标决策的前提下进行干预,通过提高价格来降低农地市场供给曲线的弹性,从而起到控制农地非农化的数量.     

“以地生财”的秘诀

翻看近年来有关贪官的报道,成克杰、胡长清、慕绥新、马向东等等,几乎每个贪官都与土地开发中的腐败有关。据农业和国土资源方面的有关专家测算,改革开放以来,通过各种形式征用农地的价格“剪刀差”,从农民身上至少“拿走”近5万亿元。     

农地非农化的经济学分析

农地非农化是城市化和工业化发展的必然产物，本文在分析农地非农化实质的基础上，探讨了农地转用价格过低的原因，认为要充分考虑到农地的生态价值、社会价值、选择价值以及产权意义上的价值，把农地的正外部效应充分内化，修正扭曲的农地资源价格体系，在一定程度上可以抑制非农用地的数量。并且运用农地非农化土地一级市场的模型，认为存在农转非市场失灵，政府要在多目标决策的前提下进行干预，通过提高价格来降低农地市场供给曲线的弹性，从而起到控制农地非农化的数量。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.