Measuring and Interpreting Trends in the Division of Labour in the Netherlands

This paper introduces indicators about the division of labour to measure and interpret recent trends in the structure of employment in the Netherlands. Changes in the division of labour occur at three different levels: the level of the individual worker, the level of the industry and the spatial level. At each level the organisation of work is determined by an equilibrium of forces that glue tasks together or unbundle them. Communication costs are the main force for clustering or gluing together tasks; comparative advantage stimulates unbundling and specialisation. The estimates suggest that on average the Netherlands has witnessed unbundling in the period 1996?C2005, which implies that advantages of specialisation have increased. These developments explain to a considerable extent changes in the structure of employment. Especially at the spatial level it explains a substantial part of the increase in offshoring tasks abroad.     

An Overview of the Proximate Determinants of Economic Growth in Indonesia Since 1960*

In this paper, we address two questions. First, what determined the growth of GDP per worker in Indonesia from 1960 to 2014? We examine Indonesia’s economic performance, using a growth accounting framework. We show that economic growth during the Soeharto era after 1975 was mainly determined by an increase in capital accumulation. Negative growth in total factor productivity (TFP) during the Asian financial crisis was more noticeable in Indonesia than in comparable ASEAN countries. In Indonesia, the contribution of TFP growth turned persistently positive after 1999. Second, what are the key determinants of the GDP per worker differences between Indonesia and the United States? Using data from the recently updated Penn World Table database and employing a levels accounting method, we find that the gap in physical capital deepening between the two countries is of declining importance in explaining the gap in labour productivity between Indonesia and the United States. We then compare our findings with data from the World Bank’s Changing Wealth of Nations 2018.     

Did the 48‐hour week damage Britain's industrial competitiveness?1

Britain's 1919 introduction of a 48‐hour week for industrial workers has been highlighted as a key factor depressing its relative labour productivity. This largely ignores both any potential offset to lower hours from higher hourly productivity and the fact that the 48‐hour week was also introduced in almost all other industrialized nations (generally involving substantially greater reductions in hours). We examine the international context and the short‐term impact on British productivity, focusing on three major export industries—coal, cotton, and iron and steel. Britain did not suffer any significant relative productivity loss in these industries, while reduced working hours are shown to have been partially compensated for by higher hourly productivity.     

Indonesia's Ascent on the Technology Ladder: Capital Stock and Total Factor Productivity in Indonesian Manufacturing, 1975–95

This paper presents new capital stock estimates for mium and large-scale manufacturing in Indonesia using the Perpetual Inventory Method. Capital stock grew gradually during 1975–88, at an annual rate of 7.6%, then boomed during 1989–95 at 13.6% per annum. Growth accounting shows that 60% of the rapid growth of manufacturing output during the period 1975–95 was due to capital input growth, 18% to labour input growth and the remaining 22% to total factor productivity (TFP) growth. There is no evidence of a shift of factor inputs towards more efficient industries. TFP growth averaged 3% annually in 1975–95. Performance varied greatly across industries, but the policy changes that have taken effect since 1986 have definitely been beneficial for all industries. Put in an international perspective, however, Indonesia's TFP levels show no signs of catch-up with the world frontier.     

Integration and intra-industry trade adjustment in South Africa

This article analyses intra-industry trade adjustment by the Southern African Customs Union after 1994, and links between trade liberalisation and employment are examined. The traditional Grubel-Lloyd index is complemented by marginal inter- and intra-industry trade measures, and trade expansion of sectors is scaled, related to change in total exports and imports. In three different empirical approaches, large differences are found: in the level of intra-industry trade (IIT) between different sectors (categorised into resource-based, labour-intensive, scale-intensive and differentiated industries); in the level of IIT of individual sectors in trade with the SADC6, the European Union and the rest of the world; and in the economic significance of trade expansion for different industries and with different trading partners. Trade expansion is dominated by differentiated and scale-intensive industries, indicating that the main economic gain of international integration is found in the opportunity to exploit economies of scale in a larger market. IIT and marginal IIT are positively related to increases in labour productivity, and negatively related to employment change. Interindustry trade and both export and import expansions are positively related to employment gain, but only export is positively related to increased labour productivity.     

Purchasing Power of Labour: Norwegian Real Wages, 1726–2006

Abstract

By utilizing data from one of the largest international historical archives on wages and prices, this article offers new nominal and real wage series for Norway, 1726–2006. These serve as measures for the purchasing power of labour as input to production. The new series cover all main industries and thereby enables solid conclusions. The new series challenge existing views on the development of the purchasing power of labour in Norway during the last three centuries.     

产品生命周期各期间企业财务策略分析

资源禀赋说解释国际分工和国际贸易 ,本来就存在严重的片面性 ,然而国内近年来颇具影响的 ,必须以发展劳动密集型产业应对“入世”的发展战略思路 ,就以此作为理论依据。加入WTO ,必须坚持以马克思主义的国际分工和国际价值理论为指导原则 ,各国社会生产力是国际分工的决定因     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋产业结构异质性演进及路径研究

蓝色经济区是以海洋产业发达为特征的新型沿海经济区。山东半岛蓝色经济区的发展定位于区域重要增长极、发展海洋产业的先导区和统筹陆海一体化发展、构建海洋生态文明的示范区等。实现此目标的关键之一在于构建合理的区域海洋产业分工关系,促进区域海洋产业结构的协调化与合理化。山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋产业结构演进存在产业间的异速增长和各地市间海洋产业异构化演进两大趋势,其实现路径为海洋规模经济与专业化分工的发展。     

The European economy in an expanding world

Summary Postwar economic development in Europe can be subdivided in two periods. In the first subperiod 1950–1973 growth is determined by catching up vis-d-vis the US. The second subperiod 1973–1993 is characterised by a reorientation with respect to the international division of labour. This sets the stage for future developments, which are presented in the form of three different scenarios. In the European Decline scenario Europe cannot match developments in the US and Japan. As appears from a scenario called Fortress Europe import protection provides no sensible solution. To compete on a world scale Europe needs more technological dynamics as sketched in the European Recovery scenario. Calculations of future paths are based on the WorldScan model of the Central Planning Bureau.Theo van de Klundert is Professor of Economics at Tilburg University. Ben Geurts and Hans Timmer are staff members of the Central Planning Bureau, The Hague. We are indebted to Martin Fase and Simon Kuipers for useful comments on an earlier version of the paper.     

国际制造业发展新态势与国际金融危机对先进制造业的影响——兼论国际金融危机对上海市发展先进制造业的影响

在当前的国际分工背景下,国际制造业出现了一些新特点和新趋势,文章从总结国际制造业的最新态势着手,探讨了国际金融危机对先进制造业的影响,并以上海为例展开分析,发现国际金融危机在2008--2009年给上海市的出口产业造成了较大的冲击,一度引起外商投资企业对上海的投资减少,不过,也为上海企业“走出去”提供了难得的机遇。     

京津冀地区制造业协同发展策略研究

制造业是我国实体经济的重要支柱，为进一步疏解北京非首都功能，实现三地制造业协调发展。以京津冀三地制造业在2003-2015年间28个规模以上工业企业的总产值为原始数据，利用偏离份额分析法计算产业结构相关指数指标，明确各行业产业竞争力差距，分析三地制造业协调发展情况。研究发现，京津冀三地有着不同的制造业格局，但专业化分工不明确，存在不同程度的产业结构重叠。为此提出有针对性的策略,为京津冀制造业协同发展提供新动能。     

世界生产体系变革的当代特征及其效应

20世纪80年代以来,随着全球化的深入和国际分工的深化,世界生产的主体构成、空间分布、所有权结构、交易方式和治理结构等较之全球化之前,都有很大的不同。本文通过对当代世界生产体系变革核心特征的分析考察,揭示这些变革不仅改变着当代国际贸易和国际投资的规模与结构,并且具有重要的产业发展和政策调整的效应。     

基于因子分析的区域制造业竞争力研究——以山东省为例

文章采用因子分析法对山东省制造业30个行业的竞争力相对全国平均水平进行了综合评价,结论表明目前山东省制造业整体发展水平处于劳动密集型产业向资本密集型产业过渡阶段,具有竞争优势的产业以传统的劳动密集型产业为主,支柱产业以及重点发展产业的产业聚集度还不高,规模经济效应不明显。     

国际分工、贸易开放对中国工业CO_2排放的影响分析

文章在分析加入WTO前后(1995～2008年)中国各工业行业CO2排放密度变化的基础上,计算各行业的净出口消费指数Djt和修正净出口消费指数D*jt,通过分析其变化趋势,分别考察中国在与发达国家分工中以及在国际分工中是否成为高排放产业的"避难所"。文章得出以下主要结论:多数行业隐含国外CO2排放所占的比例明显增加,而且排放密度最低的行业隐含国外CO2排放所占的比例最高;从国际分工的角度看,中国没有成为高排放产业的集聚"避难所",但工业的集聚程度有所提高;从与发达国家的分工来看,加入WTO后中国更多地承担排放密度较高产品的生产,这可能是中国在低排放行业上参与国际垂直化分工程度提高的结果。     

Farm Household Responses to Government Policies: Evidence from West Java

Few micro level analyses have been undertaken in Indonesia of rural households' responses to government policies, and of household characteristics and endowments. Most studies of rural household behaviour in Indonesia have analysed the consumption, production and labour supply aspects separately, ignoring the complex interrelations among farm production, farm profit, household consumption and family labour supply. In this study, the complex nature of rural household production and consumption decisions is analysed by applying a farm household model to cross-sectional data from 241 households in six villages of West Java. The model incorporates multiple crops, different wage levels for males and females, and non-agricultural employment.     

国际贸易对中国环境的影响——规模、结构和技术效应分析

本文根据1995～2008年制造业的污染排放和国际贸易数据,从规模、结构和技术效应分析了国际贸易对中国环境的影响。研究发现,虽然在某些污染密集型行业上中国具有出口优势,但随着新型国际分工的深化,进出口贸易结构越来越偏向于具有典型全球生产网络特征的"清洁"行业,使得国际贸易在结构效应上利于中国的环境,而环保技术上的大幅进步(技术效应),却是制造业在进出口贸易量激增的情况下并没有出现污染物大规模排放的最主要原因。     

广东省专业镇制造业成本上升水平及其对策

纵向专业化分工、巨大的外来工市场、成熟的专业市场、行业协会强大的议价能力、技术外溢效益是广东省专业镇经济蓬勃发展的强大支撑。近年来,广东省专业镇企业成本优势弱化,竞争能力下降,部分产业出现向省外转移的迹象。为求得专业镇经济持续稳定发展,广东省各级政府必须完善职工培训体系,积极培育本地劳工市场,优化投资环境,鼓励自主创新,推进品牌建设,凸现整合优势,适时地进行产业转型与升级。     

我国创新型产业集群的分布及其培育策略

创新型产业集群的建设和发展,是建设制造强国的重要路径之一。运用全国61个创新型产业集群单位和47个创新型产业集群培育单位的数据,研究发现:我国的创新型产业集群和培育集群多集中在东部沿海经济发达地区;创新型产业集群体现了不同地域主导产业和龙头企业的特色;创新型产业培育集群布局依托了地区产业发展优势,满足了协调发展要求;创新型产业集群是各地区重要经济增长极,有显著的带动效应。同时,创新型产业集群和创新型产业培育集群在不同行业的分布存在明显差异;一些创新型产业集群已拥有国际国内有影响的知名品牌;创新型产业集群和培育集群主要集中于先进制造业,体现了国家战略;重要细分行业还缺乏创新型产业集群和创新型产业培育集群。未来,应推动创新型产业集群的连片发展,促进建成全球领先的先进制造集聚区;促进集群内企业、研发机构、服务机构等的深度分工协作,增强集群的国际竞争力;发展生产性服务业,构建创新型产业集群发展的现代服务支撑体系。     

The Asian Automotive Industry: Assessing the Roles of State and Market in the Age of Global Competition

In the 1970s, automotive industries in developing economies were rebuked for their failure to set in motion the technological learning and industrial externalities that justified state promotion. However, in the 1990s, a number of Asian automotive industries throve with the rapid growth of their host economies. This paper assesses the current state and prospects of automotive industries in selected Asian countries with state-sponsored development programs—South Korea, Taiwan, China and India—and the ASEAN economies—Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. To date, Korea is the only developing economy in Asia with an indigenous auto-manufacturing base capable of competing in the international market. Given developments in the world industry, the catch-up task for other countries in the region will be more difficult.     

The Portuguese Economy in the Irish Mirror, 1960–2004

The deepening of economic and financial integration in the European Union has led to different responses in the group of ‘cohesion’ countries. Ireland and Portugal stand out as the two extreme examples, as Ireland caught-up to the forerunners after the launching of EMU, in 1992, whereas Portugal lost ground. This paper looks at structural shifts in order to explain different economic performances within Europe. We conclude that Portugal’s labour productivity lag was the outcome of a less favourable structure of employment; that differences in the structure of employment are not clustered in specific industries; and that such structural differences are associated with different factor endowments, namely physical and human capital. Portugal has a rising competitiveness problem in international markets as real wages have increased faster than labour productivity in the 1990s. That has to be changed by policy measures, by the market through higher levels of unemployment, or by a combination of both.