Dual Income Taxation: A Promising Path to Tax Reform for Developing Countries

The dual income tax combines a progressive tax on labor income and a lower flat tax on income from capital. Unlike flat tax systems, a dual income tax provides developing countries greater flexibility in addressing tax competition while retaining progressivity. Countries could use the move to a dual income tax system not just as an opportunity to rationalize the taxation of income from business operations and investment but also as a vehicle for broader reform of their tax systems.     

发达国家农业税收政策及其对我国的启示

农业作为一个相对弱势产业,客观上需要政府的财政保护和支持。世界各国都非常重视对农业的保护和扶持,在所得税、销售税等方面采取种种优惠措施促进农业的发展,取得了很好的政策激励效果。而我国支持农业发展的税收机制尚不健全,一定程度上抑制了税收对农业的政策激励效应。因此,需要借鉴发达国家发展农业的成功经验,建立与完善有利于我国农业发展的税收政策体系,以促进我国基础产业的健康发展。     

E-Government,Internet Adoption,and Corruption: An Empirical Investigation

This study empirically investigates the impact of e-government and internet adoption on curbing corruption, by utilizing a large panel dataset. The results reveal that e-government is a powerful tool in reducing corruption—via telecommunication infrastructure and the scope and quality of online services—which is strengthened by greater internet adoption. The interaction effects between e-government and internet adoption suggest both as complements in anti-corruption programs. A dynamic panel data model that addresses the endogeneity problem and considers corruption persistency is employed. Results of panel Granger causality tests indicate a unidirectional causality from e-government to corruption, while a bilateral causality between internet adoption and corruption.     

Tax Incentives for Business Investment: A Primer for Policy Makers in Developing Countries

The use of tax incentives is widespread even though the available empirical evidence on the cost-effectiveness of such incentives in stimulating investment is highly inconclusive. This paper is primarily intended as a primer on the use of tax incentives for policy makers, especially those in developing countries. It discusses the objectives, cost-effectiveness, and transparency of implementing tax incentives; assesses the comparative merits of alternative forms of such incentives; and provides a review of the empirical literature. Its main conclusions are that the justification for the use of tax incentives should be limited to the rectification of market failures, and that the preferred form of tax incentives are those that provide for faster recovery of investment costs.     

促进循环经济发展的税收政策选择

目前我国经济增长方式依然属于粗放型增长,以牺牲环境、过度消耗资源为代价来发展经济。发展循环经济是我国经济社会发展的一项重大战略,需要通过税收政策的运用和监督管理,调节不同主体的经济利益,促进循环经济发展。现行税制对循环经济的发展还存在种种制约,有必要改进现行税种;开征碳税;对生态工业园区实行倾斜的税收优惠政策。     

金融腐败与被监管者自我报告制度研究

金融腐败与金融监管有着重要联系,而且在金融监管及惩处的执法过程中会存在着监管腐败问题。文章在金融监管执法活动中构建了一个具有腐败倾向特征的监管执法者对金融机构或其从业人员的违法行为监督执法的模型,指出一个福利最大化的政府可以通过实施适当的激励政策以防范监管者和被监管者之间合谋腐败的发生,同时证明了如果允许金融活动参与者在违法行为发生后可以实施具有恰当的惩罚激励措施的自我报告制度,政府就能够通过降低官僚作风、保持较少的监督执法官员、降低监管寻租以增加社会福利,并通过自我报告制度消除金融腐败而进一步为社会谋福祉。     

服务化水平、实际税负与营改增政策的财富效应——基于微观层面的经验证据

文章从微观视角出发,构建双重差分模型,检验营改增政策对试点企业实际税负和绩效水平形成的经济后果,以及试点企业的服务化水平对上述关系的影响。研究发现,第一,营改增政策有助于降低试点企业整体实际税负;第二,营改增政策实施后,试点企业的实际税负降低使得企业绩效水平提升,实现国家与企业之间的财富转移效应;第三,试点企业服务化水平越高,营改增政策降低企业实际税负,进而促进企业绩效提升的效果更加明显,即营改增政策实现的财富效应更强。进一步检验发现,营改增政策有助于促使试点企业改善经营效率,提高自身财富创造能力,增强营改增政策的财富创造效应。     

国外资源租与税制度经验借鉴

文章对国外资源租、税制度进行了借鉴,介绍了资源保护先行国家资源税的基本经验,主要是与我国国土面积和资源状况具有可比性的俄罗斯、美国和加拿大的资源税制度。文章对这些国家的资源税政策的现状进行了总结和评价,认为以下经验值得借鉴：资源税由收益税转向环境税;调节矿租的功能由资源租取代;资源税的税率以动态税率为主;资源税的征收范围广泛。     

U.S. Saving and Investment: Policy Implications

Some economists have argued that the close association between domestic saving and investment rates justify polices aimed at altering domestic saving flows so as to influence domestic investment flows. This interpretation assumes an endogenous investment response. Equally likely, theoretically, is that the close association is maintained by movements in saving. The present paper explicitly examines the endogeneity of the U.S. saving and investment flows. Overall the results suggest that while the domestic saving rate responds endogenously, the domestic investment rate does not. This finding may limit the potential benefits of saving policies.     

再议我国出口退税政策性质和定位

出口退税是国际惯例和国际税收协调的基础。取消出口退税抑或"零税率"中性退税都不是我国当前阶段的恰当选择。从西方国家早期出口退税学说和实践中可以发现,以英国为代表的西方国家并非从一开始就执行零税率出口退税政策,非中性退税政策更有利于维护一国贸易利益。我国应坚持遵行非中性出口退税原则,科学调整退税率和退税商品种类以推动外贸发展方式转型。     

城市房地产税费改革：国际经验及政策建议

概要归纳中国现行房地产税费制度,就中国现行房地产税费制度存在的问题,分城市土地管理制度、农地征用制度和房地产税费制度三个方面进行整理和分析,厘清目前存在的主要问题及其症结所在,在借鉴国际经验与前人研究成果的基础上,提出对未来不动产税制改革方向的初步意见。     

金融税制与货币政策效应

金融税制是一国管理金融活动的有关税收的法律法规的总和。金融税制影响金融市场效率和各类金融活动主体的行为,通过利率传导机制和信贷配给传导机制对货币政策效应产生影响。为保证货币政策能顺利传导,我国目前应进一步完善针对金融市场的流转税和所得税制度,对商业银行不宜取消现行的营业税或急剧降低营业税税率,应针对不同业务细化和完善相关的流转税制度。     

Competitiveness and Subsidy or Tax Policy for New Technology Adoption in Duopoly

We consider a problem of subsidy or tax policy for new technology adoption by duopolistic firms. The technology is developed in and transferred by a foreign country to the domestic country. It is free but each firm must expend some fixed set-up cost for education of its staff to adopt and use it. Assuming that each firm maximizes the weighted average of absolute and relative profits, we examine the relationship between competitiveness and subsidy or tax policies for technology adoption, and show that when firm behavior is not competitive (the weight on the relative profit is small), the optimal policy of the government may be taxation; when firm behavior is competitive (the weight on the relative profit is large), the optimal policy is subsidization or inaction and not taxation. However, if firm behavior is extremely competitive (close to perfect competition), taxation case re-emerges.     

从我国房产税发展及发达国家经验看房产税改革

房产税是中外各国政府广为开征的古老的税种,它成为各国政府财政收入的重要来源。中共十八届三中全会提出要深化财税体制改革,加快房地产税立法并适时推进改革,这说明我国房产税改革将会进一步加快实施。比较研究上海、重庆房产税试点情况以及发达国家的房产税税制设计,对于我国房产税下一阶段的改革具有重要的借鉴意义。     

当前我国税制的“税负刚性”特征、效应及政策建议——基于2013-2016年制造业上市公司数据的实证分析

2012年以来,我国经济增速明显放缓,经济结构面临重大调整,制造业普遍盈收水平下滑,而企业的利润税负水平却明显上升,"税负重感"增加。究其原因,是我国以流转税为主的税制存在"税负刚性"的特征和效应,实则反映了我国税制改革的迫切性。文章利用2013—2016年我国制造业上市公司的全样本数据,证实了"税负刚性"的存在性和显著性,并进一步结合其结构性效应的分析,对当前的税制改革提出了相应的政策建议。     

个人所得税对收入分配的影响:由税收累进性和平均税率观察

个人所得税收入调节作用的发挥取决于税制的累进程度和平均税率。从税收累进性和平均税率两方面对我国个人所得税的再分配效应进行解析,得到以下三点基本判断:第一,我国个人所得税的法定累进水平和实际累进水平均已达到发达国家水平;第二,我国个人所得税的平均税率大大低于世界平均水平;第三,我国个人所得税的再分配力度非常小,而平均税率过低是制约我国个人所得税收入调节功能发挥的最主要障碍。因此加强个人所得税收入调节功能的关键是在坚持综合课税改革方向的基础上,通过完善税收征管,不断拓宽个人所得税的课税面、提高其占个人收入的比重。     

车辆购置税减税政策对天津市税收收入的影响及思考

2009年,国务院决定,减征部分乘用车车辆购置税。减税政策的出台,对于培育汽车消费市场,促进国内汽车产业的稳定较快发展具有重要意义。本文就减税政策对我市税收的影响进行了全面对比分析,并就完善车辆购置税政策和强化其征管提出了建议。     

对新个人所得税法的思考与改进建议

2018年8月31日,全国人大常委会通过了关于修改个人所得税法的决定。此次个税改革做出了诸多大胆尝试,从分类计征向综合计征模式的转变,到首次增加专项附加扣除项目,再到加强税收征管等,是我国税收制度变革的一次重大突破。然而改革后的个人所得税法仍存在一些问题和挑战,本文在分析问题的基础上提出建议,包括进一步明确专项附加扣除项目、适当降低边际税率、完善税收征管体系等,以达到税收公平与效率的目的。     

物业税功用及风险规避:观照美国与韩国

物业税是对不动产的持有环节征税,该税具有双重属性,在发挥积极效应的同时也隐含两大风险,因此,实施物业税需要有一定的制度安排。制度缺失或设置不当会对社会稳定及房地产市场产生消极影响,美国与韩国对该税的实践为这种消极影响提供了证据。规避物业税风险的制度安排,包括将该税设定为受益税、上级政府财力支持、低负担原则及降低不动产交易环节税收等四个方面。