The canada-U.S. free trade agreement

This article examines the forces that caused Canada and the United States to negotiate the free trade agreement, its principal provisions, the projected welfare gains, and estimated labor adjustments. Focusing on the latter, the impact on manufacturing employment is expected to be positive but small in the United States and negative but small in Canada; with the agriculture and resource sectors losing employment shares in both countries. The impact on services will be negligible in the United States and positive in Canada. Focusing on specific industries, nonferrous metals sector appears vulnerable in the United States, while textiles, clothing, furniture and fixtures, electrical and nonelectrical equipment and machinery, nonmetallic mineral products, and fabricated metal products appear vulnerable in Canada. However, actual job losses could be significantly circumscribed by moderate growth and employee turnover, and within vulnerable Canadian industries, there are pockets of significant strength such as in office furniture and telecommunications equipment.     

东亚地区自由贸易协定的前景探析

近年来,随着区域内的贸易和经济活动在东亚的贸易体系和经济合作中的重要性和影响力的增加,建立多方面优惠的经贸安排,寻求更广阔的经济发展空间,进而建立起东亚自由贸易区的呼声也愈来愈高.本文首先分析了东亚自由贸易协定的发展现状,并分析了当前东亚地区自由贸易协定所面临的主要困难,提出了对东亚地区自由贸易协定发展的建议.     

Technology transfer in Mexico: Past patterns and new problems related to the North American free trade agreement

As the Mexican economy prepares to transition from a relatively closed and protected market to a regionally integrated free market which is part of the proposed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a change in its technology licensing environment will be needed to enable Mexican companies to compete for technology with firms from the other member countries of the NAFTA. This study identifies the national sources which have provided Mexico with technology and the Mexican industrial sectors which have been able to attract this technology in the 1980s. It further evaluates the current licensing environments in Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.A. as well as in the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). The study provides recommendations for changes to the Mexican licensing environment and proposes strategies for attracting technology to Mexican industry under the changed conditions which would be introduced by the NAFTA. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

亚太经合的新动向:双边自由贸易协定

由于在一些主要问题上的分歧使世界贸易组织的全球贸易谈判屡遭挫折,亚太的主要贸易国家纷纷寻求签订小范围的自由贸易协定。2000年底开始的新加坡与美国之间关于签署双边自由贸易协定的谈判,已成为一个为世人所关注的话题。新美自由贸易协定新美双边经贸关系多年来一直保持了良好的发展态势。美国是新加坡最大的贸易伙伴,是新加坡产品最大的出口市场,也是新加坡第二大(仅次于日本的)进口国。美国还是新加坡制造业最大的外国投资者,超过1200家美国公司在新加坡开展业务,其中许多公司更以新加坡作为它们的区域总部。在美国的对外经贸关系结构     

Ethics vs. economics: The issue of free trade with Mexico

The authors, one an ethicist and the other an economist, look at the issue of free trade with Mexico and other low wage rate countries from the viewpoints of their disciplines. The conclusion of the paper is that these disciplines differ on their priorities and analytical methods, not on their objectives.LaRue Tone Hosmer is professor of Corporate Strategy and Managerial Ethics at the Graduate School of Business Administration of the University of Michigan. He is the author ofMoral Leadership in Business (Irwin, 1993),The Ethics of Management, 2nd Edition (Irwin, 1991), andStrategic Management (Prentice-Hall, 1984).Scott E. Masten is associate professor of Business Economics and Public Policy at the Graduate School of Business Administration of the University of Michigan. His work has appeared in theAmerican Economic Review, theJournal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, and theJournal of Law, Economics, and Organization.     

难如愿的预期收益--日韩自由贸易协定构想及其影响

二次大战后,随着关税与贸易总协定(GATT)的签定及替代此的世界贸易组织(WTO)的成立,经济、金融、技术和信息全球化的迅猛发展,国际贸易和投资自由化得到前所未有的促进,多边贸易体制成为促进经济全球化的强有力推动力量.但与此同时,双边及区域性自由贸易协定,甚至经济一体化安排亦得到迅猛的发展,成为多边贸易体制的有力补充.     

美国自由贸易区和贸易协定平价

美国的自由贸易区通常是指设在入境海关口岸或其附近地区、在法律上处于美国关境外的特殊区域。设立自由贸易区的初衷是,通过对货物的免税或免配额进口来促进对外贸易。若货物在该区域内存储或加工后复出口,则无需向美国海关缴纳关税。但是,若货物从自由贸易区进口到美国国内,则进口商需就成品或成品中的外国部件缴纳税款。     

中美贸易摩擦以来对我国大豆行业影响及应对策略

中美贸易摩擦背景下,大豆作为中美贸易重要商品受到一定影响。首先梳理了近年来大豆及制品的世界贸易情况,介绍目前美国大豆库存情况,分析全球大豆供应情况,全球大豆市场面临价格压力,提出中国应对大豆价格波动的对策。     

Mexico and the United States: Common border,common negotiating orientations

With a growing cadre of people conducting business across the U.S.–Mexico border, there is a need for information about the negotiation orientations they are likely to encounter. While information on negotiating orientations is available, it is often anecdotal, stereotyped, and contradictory. Empirical work that systematically compares Mexico and the United States across a range of negotiating dimensions is scarce. We have clarified, refined, and operationalized 12 negotiation dimensions in a comprehensive conceptual framework proposed over 20 years ago by Weiss and Stripp (1985). Our findings suggest that U.S. and Mexican negotiators may have more in common than they think and that negotiation orientations in both countries may run counter to conventional wisdom. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Motives of foreign MNCs investing in the United States and effect of company characteristics

Given the recent influx of and changes in foreign direct investment, the purpose of this study is to identify the motives of foreign-based multinational companies (MNCs) coming to the United States. Factor analysis is used to analyze the underlying pattern of the motives. The results are compared to findings of previous studies of FDI in the United States. The study also seeks differences among motives of different types of MNCs. Implications for policy and future research on FDI are discussed.     

Dos and don'ts for Chinese companies investing in the United States: Lessons from Huawei and Haier

The implementation of the Chinese government's “Go Global” policy in 2000 has led to an unprecedented surge in Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). While Asia remains a favorite destination, the 2008–09 global financial crisis has presented opportunities for Chinese companies interested in cross‐border mergers and acquisitions in the United States. Chinese companies are keen on the United States because of access to the world's largest market and technology. However, Chinese companies have had to deal with difficulties ranging from regulatory hurdles and cultural differences. Given that the majority of OFDI is still carried out by state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), the primary obstacle for Chinese investors at the federal level is the Committee of Foreign Investment to the United States. This has proven to be an insurmountable obstacle so far for Chinese telecom company Huawei. However, the US investment environment is not all gloom and doom for Chinese companies. There are success stories too like Haier, which has managed to overcome cultural differences. This article aims to do a comparative study of Huawei and Haier and highlight the lessons the companies offer for Chinese companies interested in investing in the United States. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Trade policy of a free trade agreement in the presence of foreign lobbying

This paper studies the effect of foreign lobbies on trade policy of a country which is a member of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). It uses a monopolistically competitive political economy model in which the government determines external tariffs endogenously. The effect of foreign lobbying under the FTA is examined empirically using Canadian industry-level trade data that allow differentiating of lobby groups by the country of origin. The analysis suggests that the presence of foreign lobbying has a significant effect on the domestic trade policy. The heterogeneity of foreign lobbies is also important: the presence of an organized lobbying group in an FTA partner country tends to raise trade barriers while an organized lobbying group of exporters from outside of the FTA is associated with less protection.     

Business negotiations in Canada,Mexico, and the United States

The determinants of business negotiations in three countries are investigated in a laboratory simulation. One hundred thirty-eight businesspeople from the United States, 68 from Mexico, and 148 from Canada (74 Anglophones and 74 Francophones) participated in a two-person, buyer-seller negotiation simulation. The negotiation styles of the Francophone Canadian and the Mexican businesspeople were found to be significantly different from both the American and Anglophone Canadian styles.     

Exchange-rate volatility and industry trade between Canada and Mexico

While it has long been assumed that exchange-rate volatility introduces a level of uncertainty that helps reduce trade flows, this need not be the case for particular country pairs or for specific products. This study examines the case of trade between Canada and Mexico—two members of the highly integrated North American market. Trade flows are examined for a number of specific products using the “bounds testing” cointegration approach over the period from 1973 to 2006. Relatively few industries see a long-run reduction in trade volumes due to volatility. This indicates that multinational producers in these integrated markets might be able to hedge against exchange-rate risk. Since major Mexican exports appear to see the largest reductions, Mexico might have a stronger incentive to reduce the volatility of the peso.     

The effect of commercial policy on international migration flows: the case of the United States and Mexico

"Microeconomic simulations are performed to determine the impact of liberalized commodity trade on Mexican immigrant supply to the United States. The results suggest that a removal of trade barriers will reduce migration flows, but that the reduction will be fairly modest. Specifically, if both countries move from the levels of protection characteristic of the mid-1960s to completely free trade, the ratio of real U.S.-Mexican wages falls by roughly 18 percent. Using an upper bound for the range of empirical estimates of the wage elasticity of immigrant supply, this implies a maximum reduction in migration flows of 35 percent. A unilateral elimination of trade barriers by the United States reduces Mexican immigrant supply by a maximum of 14 percent."     

Patterns of Self-Efficacy Within NAFTA: United States,Canada, and Mexico

Self-efficacy has been shown to be a key attribute of successful business leaders and in today's global economy, must be studied in terms of patterns of crossvergence. The paper examines both individual characteristics (gender, age, work experience, and management experience) and culture as they relate to self-efficacy in North America. Women in our sample had slightly lower self-efficacy, which increased with work and management experience. Age and membership in an individualistic culture were not related to self-efficacy; in fact, our Mexican participants demonstrated slightly higher self-efficacy propensities. These results suggest that organizations might consider devoting special attention to development of mentor and other programs particularly to females initiating their career. However, expected cultural patterns relating to self-efficacy might not hold as strongly, particularly with empowered groups such as executives and MBA students. Individual characteristics, particularly experience levels, have a greater impact on self-efficacy and should receive heightened considerations when organizations are making selection and other personnel decisions.