中国商业银行规模经济与范围经济的实证分析

本文通过对中国商业银行1996年到2001年的经营情况进行实证分析，估算出各家银行的规模经济系数和范围经济系数，发现大部分商业银行规模不经济而范围经济，规模不经济的程度与银行资产规模呈正相关关系，股份制商业银行的范围经济系数高于国有商业银行的范围经济系数，范围经济与银行资产规模没有必然的联系。在此基础上，本文提出了相应的政策主张。     

The Determinants of R & D Expenditures: A Study of the Canadian Biotechnology Industry

The relative importance of a multitude of factors forthe allocation of expenses towards R & D are assessedin an empirical study of the Canadian biotechnologyindustry. The results show that patent protection andstrategic alliances facilitate R & D spending. Theresults also show that early-stage firms spend agreater proportion of the expenditures on R & D, whilefirms engaged in R & D in platform technologies andfirms with high debt-equity ratios spend a lowerproportion of their expenditures on R & D. Demand pulland competition variables are insignificant factors. Finally, counter to our expectations, R & Dexpenditures are more intensive among firms engaged inR & D in areas in which consumer controversies are morepronounced.     

Vertical Industry Linkages: Sources of Productivity Gains and Cumulative Causation?

In this paper we analyse how vertical industry linkages maywork as channels for externalities. We test for activity based externalities stemming from outputgrowth and output level in vertically linked industries. Moreover, by comparing resultson localised inter-industry externalities as well as significance of local sales linkages,we try to reveal the strength of self-reinforcing agglomeration forces. A number of Norwegianmaritime transport and services sectors are analysed. The results are promising inthe sense that the model allows us to distinguish empirically between different sources ofexternalities, and unveils the extent to which vertical industry linkages give rise to self-reinforcingagglomeration.     

Does Asian management research need more self-confidence? Reflections from Russia

This commentary on Klaus Meyer’s article, “Asian Management Research Needs More Self-confidence,” in the Asia Pacific Journal of Management (2006), discusses the need for Asian management research to look beyond the pressures for publication in top-tier, Western scholarly academic journals. We reflect on our nearly two decades of research on Russian management to illustrate many of Meyer’s ideas and insights in a different transition economy. We support his call for more context-specific research that can also offer contributions to global management knowledge as well as indigenous management practice.

节能环保与经济增长双重目标下我国重工业结构的调整研究

本文以规模经济作为主要理论基础,结合环境理论等,探讨了重工业结构调整推进节能减排和经济增长的机制和对策.要保持经济的可持续发展并促进节能减排水平的提高,需要对重工业结构进行调整.将单位GDP能耗的影响因素进行分解,并探寻它们之间的相互关系:技术进步与产业结构高度化之间的相互作用、规模经济与重工业产业组织结构之间的相互作用、聚集经济及环境容量与重工业产业布局结构之间的相互作用,共同促进了节能减排水平的提高和重工业的发展及经济的增长,这构成了重工业结构调整促进节能减排和经济增长的机制.最后,我们提出了重工业结构调整包括产业结构高度化、产业组织结构调整和产业布局结构调整的对策.     

企业规模、规模经济与产业集群

企业规模问题一直存在着截然相反的观点和主张,造成冲突的原因在于“企业规模”是一个各取所需的含混的概念。具有经济学意义的企业规模应该从两个相互正交的维度上———企业的横向规模和纵向规模———来度量。规模经济来自于横向规模的扩张,而纵向规模的扩张可能会带来规模不经济。产业集群是观察企业横向、纵向规模一个好的样本。区分企业规模的不同性质,将会使与规模经济相关的理论研究出现明晰的路径。     

金融集聚的内在动因分析

金融集聚形成动因问题上,本文对国际金触中心形成的微现理论基础进行了探讨.从金融本身的特点出发,本文提出了如下观点:(1)金融集聚作为产业集聚的伴随物,随着产业集聚的形成而发展;(2)金融本身的高流动性加速了金融集聚;(3)金触成长至高级阶段成为经济主导与核心,其对经济的主导性促进了金融集聚.从空间经济学及相关的视角来看,本文认为:(1)集聚的空间外在性是金融集聚形成的基础;(2)不对称信息与默示信息所要求的金融主体的空间邻近促使金融集聚的形成;(3)金融规模经济(内部规模经济与外部规模经济)促使金融集聚的形成.     

Does Microelectronics Reduce Economies of Scale? A Case Study in the Turkish Chemical Industry

This paper delves into the question of how new technologies affect economies of scale at the empirical level. As theoretical studies are inconclusive, we introduce a case study in the Turkish chemical industry to observe the dynamics of the relationship between technology and economies of scale. By observing the changes in the sources of economies of scale, output and unit costs in our case study firms, we showed that while economies of product scale stayed stable, both economies of plant and firm scales increased in the chemical industry.     

Exit and Survival in a Concentrating Industry: The Case of Daily Newspapers in the Netherlands

This paper studies the effects of aggregate, industry-, and firm-specific factors on the exit hazard rates in the market for daily newspapers in the Netherlands from 1950 to 1996. We present a brief overview of the exit literature. On the basis of the existing empirical evidence, we decided to specify and estimate exponential and piecewise constant hazard rate models. We find that exit hazard rates of daily newspapers depend on the circulation size, ownership, and number of incumbents. Moreover, the effects are time-dependent. We do not find any significant effect of macroeconomic factors.     

The Effect of Advertising on Pharmaceutical Innovation

Although there is much controversy in the economic literature about how advertising affects market competition, little is known about the effect of advertising on product innovation. We examined the relationship between advertising expenditures and the research and development activities of pharmaceutical firms using empirical data from eight therapy areas. This study finds that detailing advertising may have a significant positive effect on the number of new products entering into clinical development. Markets of chronic disease with high levels of detailing advertising were more attractive to pharmaceutical firms. However, the effect of advertising on new product novelty remains inconclusive.     

甘肃省制造业产业集聚的实证研究——基于对EG指数修正后的指数分析

甘肃省作为中国西部欠发达的省份,其经济的发展一直受到政府的重视;根据中国历年经济发展统计数据来看,制造业在其生产总值中一直占有着较大的比重,我们运用张卉(2007)修正的产业地理集中指数对甘肃省24个制造行业2005~2009年的集聚程度进行了测定。结果显示,甘肃省的制造业的集聚程度有所下降并趋于稳定,整体上已经具备了产业的地理集聚并有进一步均衡化的趋向。     

市场势力与规模效应的直接测度——运用新产业组织实证方法对中国钢铁产业的研究

在反垄断与管制过程中,最核心的问题就是对产业市场势力给出直接有效的测定。本文引进近年来发展的新产业组织实证方法(New Empirical IndustrialOrganization),根据中国产业数据的实际进行调整,引入动态的技术进步模型结构,允许企业之间存在生产率差异和规模效应,采用2004—2007年间的面板数据,运用双向随机效应模型GMM估计方法,直接估计了中国钢铁业的市场势力溢价和规模弹性。通过计量得到结论:①目前中国的钢铁产业不存在系统性的市场势力。钢铁产业依然处于完全竞争状态,竞争十分激烈;②传统意义上认为钢铁业所具有的规模效应在中国上市钢铁企业中没有体现,相反中国钢铁产业存在规模不经济的重要特征。     

Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: Experiences with innovation intermediaries

The privatization of agricultural research and extension establishments worldwide has led to the development of a market for services designed to support agricultural innovation. However, due to market and systemic failures, both supply side and demand side parties in this market have experienced constraints in effecting transactions and establishing the necessary relationships to engage in demand-driven innovation processes. To mitigate these constraints, a field of intermediary organizations has emerged to assist agricultural entrepreneurs to articulate demand, forge linkages with those that can provide innovation support services, and manage innovation processes. This article aims to give an overview of the different kinds of the so-called innovation intermediaries that have emerged in The Netherlands and to report on their contributions and the tensions that are being experienced with regard to their functioning. The article concludes with a discussion in which it is argued that the state should play a role as a ‘market facilitator’, by funding such innovation intermediaries.     

The framing of innovation among European research funding actors: Assessing the potential for ‘responsible research and innovation’ in the food and health domain

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has recently emerged as a new framework for science and technology governance. The concept articulates the need for mutual exchange by which societal actors become responsive to each other early on in the process of innovation, with a view to facilitate ethically acceptable and sustainable innovation. There is relatively limited evidence to explore the extent to which the process of research and innovation under the terms of RRI is realised in practice, particularly in the context of food and health research. Although research to date has been examining innovation from the point of view of inputs and outputs—R&D funding and patents—we propose to examine the cognitive framing of innovation that shapes decisions of those who constitute a part of the innovation chain. This paper explores how the concept of innovation is understood and used in policy implementation, with a particular focus upon ‘food and health’ science and research policy and funding. Our analysis is based on 55 interviews of various actors engaged in research funding decision-making across eight European countries. Three themes emerged from the analysis: concept of innovation; conditions for innovation; and drivers of innovation; through these themes, the cognitive framing was drawn out. The cognitive framing suggests that innovation in the food and health domain is perceived to be focused on biosciences and marketable applications to the neglect of social sciences and broader public interest; that the “innovation network” is primarily viewed as centred around scientific/technical and industrial actors; and that the demand-pull dynamic is relevant to innovation in the area of food and health, despite having been relegated in contemporary thinking and policies around innovation. These findings point to the inadequate consideration of the normative issues—how problems are to be defined and addressed—among national research funders in the food and health domain, and indicate a gap between the ideas of innovation under the terms of RRI and innovation as conceptualised by those involved in its governance.