韩国产业银行在克服金融危机中的作用

1997年韩国爆发史无前例的金融危机,韩国产业银行作为韩国最具代表性的政策性开发金融机构,凭借多年来积累的丰富的企业结构调整经验,在克服最严峻的金融危机过程中,贯彻执行国家的政策,不仅主导了企业结构调整,而且通过向具有发展潜力的领域提供资金及在国际金融市场多渠道筹资等方式,为克服危机做出了巨大贡献.通过分析韩国金融危机的发生原因和过程、韩国政府的一系列果断对策和韩国代表性政策开发金融机构——韩国产业银行克服危机的过程,以期对正在推行经济金融发展方式转变和经济金融结构调整的中国金融当局和金融机构能有所启示.     

韩国经济是怎样较快摆脱金融危机的

1997年7月爆发的亚洲金融危机，至今已有三年多了。在这期间，有关国家采取了一系列经济和金融整改措施，对缓解危机起到了积极作用。其中特别引人注目是韩国，通过一系列的改革，经济迅速恢复，成为“东亚地区遭受金融危机的国家中第一个摆脱危机的国家（国际货币基金组织负责人语）”。     

美国次贷危机与亚洲金融危机的比较

1997年的亚洲金融危机和美国次贷危机相比,虽然两次危机爆发的原因、触发点等不同,但危机的产生都与金融创新、金融自由化,政策失当及经济金融体系失衡等有关。两次危机都对中国经济产生了巨大影响,但相比较亚洲金融危机,中国在面临本次次贷危机时,具有较有利的内部环境,面临更严峻的外部环境。     

韩国是怎样较快摆脱金融危机的

1997年7月亚洲金融危机的爆发至今已有三年多了.在这期间,有关国家采取了一系列经济和金融整改措施,对缓解危机起到了积极作用.其中特别引人注目的是韩国,通过一系列的改革,经济迅速恢复,成为"东亚地区遭受金融危机的国家中第一个摆脱危机的国家(国际货币基金组织负责人语)".1999年韩国GDP增长速度达到10.7%,外汇储备由危机时的39亿美元增至697亿美元,利率、物价、汇率保持稳定,国际信用不断提高.2000年经济增长率高达10%.韩国经济之所能够在较短的时间内从危机的"重灾区"脱颖而出,很大程度上归功于政府采取的一系列标本兼治的措施.     

积极推进东亚区域金融合作进程

1997年爆发的东亚金融危机给整个地区带来了巨大的损失.虽然东亚金融危机已经平息,但是留给各国的教训是深刻的.东亚金融危机的迅速扩散及东亚货币的竞争性贬值,使各国和地区认识到区域金融合作的迫切性和重要性.     

不良资产管理的良性运作模式

1997年亚洲金融危机爆发后，经济学界和金融学界对金融危机进行了多视角研究。结果发现，爆发金融危机的国家在危机爆发前都有共性之处，即巨额银行不良资产。这些国家在宏观经济和微观经济层面均比较脆弱。基本面的脆弱性给其带来两方面的巨大压力：一是外部压力，即巨额短期外债，尤其是用于弥补经常项目赤字时，将使本国经济难以靠短期资本的持续流入来维系。只要资本流入减缓或逆转，经济和本币都可能遭受重创；二是内部压力，即薄弱的银行监管导致了银行尤其是资本金不充足的银行过度发放风险贷款。当借款人不能偿还贷款时，银行的不良贷款就引发了银行危机。为了化解银行危机，亚洲金融危机爆发后，东亚以亚东南亚诸国也开始组建金融资产管理公司对银行业的不良资产进行重组。例如，日本的“桥”银行，韩国的资产处置局，泰国的金融机构重组管理局，印度尼西亚的银行处置机构和马来西亚的资产管理公司。     

韩国的金融改革及启示

受1997年亚洲金融危机的影响，韩国经济遭受巨大损失。韩国政府为化解金融危机所暴露出的经济问题，采取了许多积极应对措施，如金融机构重组、加强金融机构管制、优化银行资产结构、改革资产健全性分类标准等。韩国金融改革取得了很好的效果，对我国有一定的借鉴意义。     

东亚货币合作的现状及前景

东亚货币合作提出的现实背景　　 1997年 7月 ,首先在泰国爆发的亚洲金融危机 ,成为继欧洲货币危机、拉美债务危机之后的又一次全球性金融动荡。这次金融动荡不仅经历时间长 (前后历时两年多 ,直至 2 0 0 0年底有关国家尚未完全走出危机的阴影 ) ,而且波及面广 (从东南亚开始迅速传播到韩国、香港、日本等东亚国家和地区 ,然后又影响到俄罗斯、巴西乃至整个拉丁美洲 )。这次金融动荡使东亚各国经济遭受了几十年来从未有过的巨大破坏 ,金融市场几乎崩溃 ,资产价格严重贬值 ,股票价格跌至一半以下 ,民情激愤 ,有的国家甚至出现了社会暴乱。受…     

韩国经济是怎样较快地摆脱金融危机的

1997年7月爆发的亚洲金融危机，至今已有三年多了。在这期间，有关国家采取了一系列经济和金融整改措施，对缓解危机起到了积极作用。其中特别引人注目的是韩国，通过一系列的改革，经济迅速恢复，成为“东亚地区遭受金融危机的国家中第一个摆脱危机的国家（国际货币基金组织负责人语）”。1999年韩国GDP增长速度达10．7％，外汇储备由危机时的39亿美元增至697亿美元，利率、物介、汇率保持稳定，国际信用不断提高。2000年经济增长率同比高达10％。韩国经济之所以能够在较短的时间内从危机的“重灾区”脱颖而出，很大程度上归功于政府采取的一系列标本兼治的措施。     

基于次贷危机的东亚区域货币金融合作的思考

近年来,发生于美国的次级房贷危机引起了美国乃至全球金融业与股市很大的波动,它是继1997年东亚金融危机之后最为严重的一次金融风暴。本文阐述了次贷危机它对东亚经济的影响,提出东亚各经济体应对次贷危机所应采取的措施:只有进一步推进东亚货币合作进程,才能最为有效地防止危机再次发生,保证东亚地区经济的稳定。     

“10＋3”框架下东亚区域货币合作可行性分析与战略选择——基于经济冲击对称性视角

东亚各国目前在货币领域的合作严重滞后于贸易合作,2008年全球金融危机的爆发使东亚货币合作面临着前所未有的挑战。根据传统的OCA标准,目前东亚各国内部经济条件差异较大,而且这种差异有逐步扩大的趋势,因此进行深层次货币合作的成本较高。基于经济冲击对称性的实证分析进一步表明,中日韩二三国货币冲击的对称性较高,但是在供给冲击和需求冲击方面存在非对称性,而且这种非对称性在短期更为明显。与日韩相比,中国与东盟之间经济冲击的对称程度相对较高,具备一定的合作优势。因此中国应以贸易合作为基础,加强同东亚主要经济体的经贸往来,共同引领东亚货币合作向更高层次迈进。     

亚洲汇率波动及政策挑战

自东亚危机以来,亚洲各国采取了一系列的措施降低货币危机的风险,包括执行保守的汇率政策,实现经常账户盈余,积累外汇储备,减少外部债务,谨慎开放资本市场和展开地区金融合作,这些改革使亚洲在全球金融危机期间的表现远胜于其他新兴市场经济。但亚洲货币依然受到了严重冲击,而且出现了非常大的差异性。这既是亚洲的开放经济所决定的,同时也在三个方面对下一步的亚洲汇率政策提出了挑战:第一,汇率体系究竟应该浮动还是管制?第二,到底多少外汇储备才是最佳规模?第三,地区金融合作能否增强亚洲汇率的稳定性?     

基于最优货币区理论的东亚货币一体化可行性研究

随着经济全球化和区域化的发展,区域货币联盟已成为一种新的潮流。在欧元的成功运行以及近年国际金融危机的频繁发生,特别是1997年亚洲金融危机的爆发所带来的严重后果,唤起了东亚各国对东亚货币合作的极大关注。本文从最优货币区理论出发,对东亚经济体货币一体化的可行性进行研究,并对此提出建议。从研究结果看,东亚目前尚不能完全满足最优货币区的标准,但共同利益原则将使东亚货币合作的趋势不可逆转。     

Exchange Rate Changes and Inflation in Post‐Crisis Asian Economies: Vector Autoregression Analysis of the Exchange Rate Pass‐Through

Macro‐economic consequences of large currency depreciations among the crisis‐hit Asian economies varied from one country to another. Inflation did not soar after the Asian currency crisis of 1997–98 in most crisis‐hit countries except Indonesia where high inflation followed a very large nominal depreciation of the rupiah. The high inflation meant a loss of price competitive advantage, a key for economic recovery from a crisis. This paper examines the pass‐through effects of exchange rate changes on the domestic prices in the East Asian economies using a vector autoregression analysis. The main results are as follows: (i) the degree of exchange rate pass‐through to import prices was quite high in the crisis‐hit economies; (ii) the pass‐through to Consumer Price Index (CPI) was generally low, with a notable exception of Indonesia; and (iii) in Indonesia, both the impulse response of monetary policy variables to exchange rate shocks and that of CPI to monetary policy shocks were positive, large, and statistically significant. Thus, Indonesia's accommodative monetary policy, coupled with the high degree of CPI responsiveness to exchange rate changes was an important factor in the inflation‐depreciation spiral in the wake of the currency crisis.     

An empirical study to identify shift contagion during the Asian crisis

The paper is an empirical study on contagion during the 1997–1998 Asian crisis. In line with Sander and Kleimeier [Sander, H., Kleimeier, S., 2003. Contagion and causality: an empirical investigation of four Asian crisis episodes. International Financial Markets, Institution and Money 13, 171–186], Granger causality among Asian economies on sovereign debt market is tested. Using a new measure of causality, we attempt to show the existence of shift contagion defined as significant differences in cross-markets links between tranquil and crisis periods. Firstly, non-existent links during the tranquil period play a key role during the crisis. Secondly, causality directions give evidence of the major influence of the South Korean crisis which seems to prevail on investors to reassess the whole region.     

GLOBALIZATION OF CAPITAL MARKETS AND THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS

This article has three basic aims: (1) to analyze the impact of the opening of their capital markets on the economies of host countries; (2) to investigate the causes of the Asian financial crisis; and (3) to evaluate the likely effects of the South Korean government's recent attempts to restructure its corporate sector. Although the recent Asian financial crisis has led some to question the merits of open capital markets and to call for regulatory restraints on capital flows across international borders, the scientific evidence suggests that the opening of stock markets to foreign investors has been largely beneficial for emerging economies. On average, stock market liberalization has been accompanied by increases in stock prices and reductions in stock return volatility, reductions in inflation, and reductions in the rate of currency depreciation. Much of the blame for the Asian currency crises is assigned to Asian policymakers' futile attempts to defy market forces by trying to maintain their currencies at artificially high levels. But a more fundamental cause of Asia's economic problems has been the widespread value destruction by Asian corporations, which has led to a lower value for the overall economy and weakened the banking sector. The government-directed banking systems and weak corporate governance structures (including managerial incentives to increase size and market share at the expense of shareholders) that characterize most Asian economies have resulted in systematic overinvestment, bloated payrolls, and sharp declines in corporate profitability. While applauding most of the Korean government's recent measures to reform the economy, the article expresses skepticism about the government-mandated restructuring of the chaebol known as the “big deal.” Rather than trying to direct the process of restructuring, Korean policymakers should limit their efforts to improving the market mechanism by increasing competition in the markets for capital, corporate control, and goods and services. The Korean market for corporate control transactions could be greatly improved by increasing the efficiency of bankruptcy proceedings and by allowing hostile takeovers by foreign as well as domestic investors. To increase the productivity of capital, Asian companies should seek to realign managerial with shareholder interests by tying compensation to measures of value creation like EVA.     

BANKING REFORM IN ASIA: A PROGRESS REPORT

This article surveys and quantifies the progress made by five Asian economies during the period 1997–1999 in the reform and restructuring of their banking systems, paying particular attention to the very different circumstances and policy solutions in each of them. It develops a simple and objective scoring system of the progress achieved—one that puts South Korea at the top, Japan and Malaysia in the middle, and Thailand and Indonesia at the bottom. The relative success achieved in South Korea and Malaysia is attributed in part to their establishment of "Asset Management Corporations," bodies charged with buying non-performing loans, managing (and in some cases restructuring) the assets underlying the loans, and eventually reselling the loans. This practice has allowed for a more direct approach to corporate restructuring.     

互联网金融监管的方向与路径研究

近年来,互联网金融作为一种全新的金融模式,在我国呈现出强劲的发展势头,正日益成为我国金融体系的重要补充。然而,金融创新与金融风险休戚相关,虽然互联网金融在便利人们日常生活、改善小微企业融资环境、优化金融资源配置、提高金融体系包容性、促进普惠金融高速发展、加快经济转型升级以及推动实体经济发展等诸多方面都发挥着正向激励作用,但是也面临着除传统金融风险之外的独特风险,这无疑增加了传统金融监管的难度以及监管盲点。当前,在“云物大智”技术不断突破的知识经济时代背景下,如何破解互联网金融监管的难点与盲点,既能保障金融的包容性创新,促进互联网金融可持续性发展,又能达到金融监管的目的,实现适度监管,守住触发金融系统性风险爆发的底线,当务之急就是大力强化互联网金融监管的方向与路径研究。     

THE ROLE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN SOUTH KOREAN ECONOMIC REFORM

In South Korea, as in some other troubled Asian economies, banks and large public corporations have been run more in the interest of the government and the controlling share-holder group than to maximize efficiency and overall shareholder wealth. Any serious attempt to reform the South Korean economy must thus include significant changes in its system of corporate governance. After discussing in general terms how corporate ownership and control can affect economic performance, this article examines the corporate governance institutions that prevail in different countries, with particular attention to the U.S., Japan, and Germany. From such comparative analysis it then develops a set of criteria for appraising the effectiveness of corporate governance systems that are applied to the specific case of South Korea. The article concludes with number of suggestions for reforming the South Korean corporate governance system, including:

• 1 greater legal protection for minority shareholders from transactions involving potential conflicts of interest; and
• 2 strengthening of the incentives of management and large corporate holders, such as house or main banks, to maximize value (as the author notes, “charging management or the board with a legal mandate to ‘balance’ the interests of various constituencies or stakeholders is merely to diminish any legally enforceable responsibility to shareholders”).

As the article notes in closing, the main beneficiaries of such governance reforms will not be the new shareholders–including those foreign investors who might be persuaded to buy the stocks–but rather the existing owners, whose shares will command a higher price from “outside” investors. And the greatest beneficiary will be the South Korean nation as a whole, since the resulting improvements in corporate performance and reductions in cost of capital will increase productivity and international competitiveness.     

Banks,the IMF,and the Asian crisis

This paper examines the impact of the Asian crisis on bank stocks. In the second half of 1997, Western banks outperformed their stock markets. In contrast, East Asian bank indices incurred losses in excess of 60% in each of the crisis countries. Most of these poor performances are explained by stock market movements in the crisis countries. After taking into account these movements, currency exposures affected banks adversely only in Indonesia and the Philippines. Except for the Korean program, which affected positively bank stocks in all countries in our sample but one, IMF programs had little effect on bank values.