我国信贷资产证券化的问题与建议——以"招银三期"为例

文章以招商银行2014年第三期信贷资产证券化产品为例,分析了我国在信贷资产证券化过程中的三个突出问题,即基础资产集中度较高、发行市场限制和风险偏好保守.最后提出了丰富资产证券化基础池种类,进行分散化构建,整合新市场,扩大投资者范围等政策建议.     

信贷资产证券化常规化发展面临的瓶颈及化解措施

本文基于对发行情况的梳理,以主要参与方的实际需求和发展约束为切入点,研究信贷资产证券化常规化发展所面临的主要瓶颈,分析认为瓶颈主要表现为发起机构受信贷资金相对充裕、基础资产质量受限、发行成本较高等因素影响,参与动力明显不足;投资机构受发行市场分割、信贷资产支持证券流动性较低等因素影响,投资需求受到抑制;受托机构核心技术参与度不高、缺乏公开市场发行资格与经验,发挥作用极为有限.在此基础上,本文提出应适时启动不良资产证券化、完善信贷资产证券化税收优惠政策、探索信贷资产支持证券在交易所发行以及鼓励受托机构获得公开市场承销资格等化解措施.     

中国信贷资产证券化市场发展现状及展望

中国信贷资产证券化仍处于以零星个案、小规模试点为主的初级阶段。审慎和重在规范的发展路径既推动了信贷资产证券化实践,又尚存诸如与上位法不统一、规则制定权限错配、发行难度和成本增大、一级市场销售不畅、二级市场流动性严重不足等负面效应,制约着信贷资产证券化深入发展。2008年以来,受美国金融危机以及国内宏观调控变化的影响,资产证券化发行环境不利,亟待获得政策层面的持续鼓励和支持。国内商业银行应找准切入点,积极探索业务品种,更好地做好证券化产品的资产储备和发行准备工作。     

前行的足迹——中国工商银行金融市场部优秀案例集锦

完成国内单只发行规模最大资产证券化产品发行工作 继2007年首次推出资产证券化产品后,2008年3月工商银行完成“工元2008年第一期信贷资产证券化项目”发行工作。该项目是迄今为止国内市场中单只发行规模最大的资产证券化产品,资产池规模超过80亿元,由13家一级（直属）分行提供资产组成。     

股权分置

资产证券化就像一座桥梁,一端是以信贷资产为主体的各类资产,另一端则是以资产作为偿付基础的资产支持证券,通过巧妙的设计和独特的运作方式,将货币市场和资本市场有机联结,一方面实现银行信贷风险“减压”,另一方面在为资本市场增添交易品种的同时,为市场输送源源不断的资金“血液”。资产证券化的具体运作是:银行等金融机构把缺乏流动性但具有稳定现金流的资产建立资产池,并以此作为偿债基础,发行资产支持证券,实现资产所有权的转移。投资者通过购买资产支持证券,获得资产池资产的所有权定期取得资产池现金流所带来的收益,作为投资的回报…     

租赁资产证券化发展的难点及对策 ——基于企业ABS与ABN的比较

资产证券化是融资租赁公司一大创新融资渠道,本文通过企业ABS和ABN两种类型从发行规模和发行价格进行比较,分析非金融性质融资租赁公司资产证券化发展状况以及发行意义。针对资产证券化发展中面临的基础资产集中度高、信用评级机构水平低、政策不确定和经济下行压力等难点问题,提出提高基础资产的质量和构建多元化资产池;完善信用评级体系及加强监管力度;完善法律法规,引导市场发展;关注市场变化,回归到租赁本源等对策建议。     

浅谈信贷资产证券化的途径

信贷资产证券化是指将缺乏流动性,但具有可预期收入的银行信贷资产,通过在资本市场上以发行证券的方式予以出售,从而获取融资的过程。如何使中小企业信贷资产证券化产品及其制度框架适合我国目前的金融发展水平,还需要研究相关创新措施和办法。文章从信贷资产证券化的基本特点入手。分析了信贷资产证券化急需解决的问题,提出了加快推进中小企业信贷资产证券化,需要以创新的思维研究解决办法。     

不良信贷资产证券化业务重启的背景与对策

我国信贷资产证券化业务自2013年扩大试点以来,市场扩容迅速。同时,商业银行不良信贷资产大幅增加,这为不良信贷资产证券化业务的重启提供了契机,但目前我国重启不良信贷资产证券化业务面临缺乏专门的法律法规、定价难度较高、流动性不足及资本占用高影响发行等困难。由此,本文提出要制订专门的法律法规,合理估值和定价,联动一二级市场实现良性发展等对策。     

2014年以来我国信贷资产证券化业务运行分析与展望

按照国务院的精神和部署,近年来中国人民银行积极推动信贷资产证券化常规化发展,信贷资产证券化试点显著提速,基础资产显现金融服务实体经济导向。未来随着监管部门的大力推动以及银行等金融机构发行热情的逐步提高,信贷资产证券化的规模将不断扩大,对实体经济和金融改革的作用将得以充分发挥。     

中小金融机构信贷资产证券化分析——以A城市商业银行为例

信贷资产支持证券(CLO)发行注册制的实行,对提高我国CLO发行效率和深化金融改革具有重要意义。本研究从中小金融机构信贷资产证券化发展入手,对A城市商业银行信贷状况进行分析,探索其进行信贷资产证券化的可行性,并运用信贷资产证券化的基本理论,通过文献参考、数据查询、比较分析等方法对中小金融机构信贷资产证券化的发展现状调查,结合资产证券化的发展趋势和计量分析,探究完善城市商业银行信贷资产证券化的对策。     

Securitization of corporate assets and executive compensation

We examine the effect of corporate asset-backed securitization on managerial compensation. We find that CEO compensation increases after securitization of corporate assets, which is consistent with two distinct theoretical views: (1) asset-backed securitization improves the efficiency of performance-based compensation as corporate performance becomes a better signal of managerial effort and (2) securitization of corporate assets mitigates liquidity constraints so that firms can make more efficient investments. We find that securitization primarily affects short-term accounting components (bonuses) and less equity-based components of the CEO's performance-based compensation. Further investigation reveals support for the second view of liquidity but not the first view of moral hazard. The results are robust to controlling for both possible self-selection biases associated with the decision to rely on asset-backed securitization as a means of external financing and simultaneity between executive compensation and financial decisions (securitization and leverage).     

资产证券化流动性的系统协同分析

在系统协同视角下,资产证券化流动性具有三个层次,第一层次指被证券化资产的流动性,第二层次指资产支持证券的一级市场流动性,第三层次指资产支持证券的二级市场流动性,前两个层次流动性的成败最终取决于第三层次的流动性。资产证券化流动性的系统协同要素包括市场基础、工具创新以及风险监管。解决我国资产证券化流动性不足的出路在于层次和要素的系统协同。     

What determines the issue price of lease asset-backed securities in China?

In this study, a unique data set is used to examine the pricing factors of lease asset-backed securities (ABS) in China's primary securitization market. In addition to conventional risk factors, such as credit enhancement, underlying asset characteristics, credit rating, and deal structure, we find that originators (i.e., leasing companies) play a critical role in determining the issuing price of lease ABS in China, as state-owned originators and high profitability lessors are more likely to receive a lower initial yield spread. We also find that non-state-owned guarantors, as a form of external credit enhancement for a tranche, can significantly broaden the issuance spread, which is opposite to the situation in mature securitization markets. In addition, lease ABS investors in China may underestimate the risks posed by the diversification level of the asset pool of lease ABS, and reputable underwriters can help the product earn a lower yield spread in the primary market. Our findings indicate some similarities between the pricing factors in China's lease ABS market and those in mature securitization markets, although they still have their own unique features.     

金融危机后的资产证券化法律监管

作为一种金融创新工具,资产证券化在金融危机中遭受质疑和约束。在相关国际金融组织及主要发达国家的努力下,资产证券化正在逐步得以恢复。要保障资产证券化的健康发展,就必须对资产证券化监管法律制度进行改革。对资产证券化监管的首要目标是维护金融安全,对金融效率、金融自由的追求必须符合维护金融安全的要求。相关国际组织及一些国家资产证券化监管法律制度改革的实践表明：金融安全是金融监管的逻辑起点。     

Transparency as a remedy for agency problems in securitization? The case of ECB’s loan-level reporting initiative

Poor transparency of asset-backed securities (ABS) exacerbated the latest subprime lending crisis. In response, the European Central Bank introduced the ABS loan-level reporting initiative, obliging originators to disclose quarterly loan-by-loan information. However, does this increase in transparency alleviate the agency problems inherent in securitization? To answer this question, we examine a novel dataset of 107 ABS pools that are backed by more than 2.8 million loans for small and medium-sized enterprises from the first securitization repository in Europe. The results show that the increase in transparency indeed has valuable effects for investors, inducing originators to improve pool performance and diversification for existing as well as newly issued ABS. These effects persist for a large set of control variables and a broad variety of robustness tests.     

大数据视阈下资产证券化基础资产风险重构--以互联网消费信贷信用分析为例

针对近年来我国互联网行业推出的互联网消费信贷以及2015年以来将消费者信贷资产证券化后向投资者推出的现象,本文立足于传统信贷风险的分析并同时考虑资产证券化会为消费者信贷带来的风险因素,力图探讨这类新兴互联网金融产品的风险控制问题,同时证明建立互联网征信系统的迫切性。在分析中涉及到对于目前我国征信系统的发展概况以及大数据时代之下互联网金融征信的发展可期的方向;并与美国新兴成熟互联网征信平台ZestFinance进行对比,旨在为我国互联网消费信贷资产证券化征信平台建立提出发展的思路。     

贸易融资资产的证券化分析

资产证券化是我国金融市场发展的重要方向之一,而贸易融资资产是商业银行的重要资产之一。在贸易额逐年增加的背景下,促进贸易融资资产的证券化不仅是商业银行进行风险管理的重要方式,也是推进我国资产证券化进程的有效途径。由于供应链融资思想的引入,目前的贸易融资过程与传统的贸易融资相比有了较大的变化。在我国资产证券化市场刚刚出现的背景之下,贸易融资资产的证券化需要解决原始资产的风险管理、证券化模式的选择、中介机构制度的创立、信用评级与增级和机构监管等一系列的制度问题。     

Implicit recourse and credit card securitizations: What do fraud losses reveal?

In this paper, we develop and test a model of implicit recourse in asset-backed securitizations. Fraud losses on securitized assets are generally incurred by the bank and do not affect the performance of securitization trusts, while credit losses do affect the trust’s performance and are potentially borne by the owner of the securitized assets. Thus, the classification of losses as either fraud or credit losses provides a potential avenue of implicit recourse to manipulate the performance of securitization trusts. Using annual data from 2001 to 2006, we find that the performance of the credit card securitization portfolio is negatively related to fraud losses reported by the bank. We examine these results in light of the proposed Basel II capital rules and argue that a bank’s incentive to provide implicit recourse will increase under the anticipated regime.     

推进信贷资产证券化需进一步探索的几个问题

当前,我国信贷资产证券化虽然仍处于试点阶段,但是推进力度正在加大。为在进一步加强风险防控的同时调动金融机构参与资产证券化活动的积极性,文章围绕“选择什么样的证券化基础资产”“发起机构应留多大比例的次级档资产支持证券”“怎样拓宽资产证券化产品的投资者范围”等现实问题展开深入探讨,就进一步推动资产证券化市场活跃发展、助力经济结构调整提出相关政策建议。     

The rise of China's securitization market

We study the development of asset securitization markets in China. We manually collect all asset securitization projects and securities data from 2005 to 2015. Inspection of this sample combined with related policy changes reveals distinct characteristics and some potential problems. At the macro level, asset securitization market in China is policy driven, regulation‐segmented, and highly illiquid. At the micro level, the underlying assets are mainly corporate loans or assets, rather than mortgage or consumption loans as in the US and European markets. State owned commercial banks and enterprises enjoy significantly lower interest rates when issuing securitization bonds. Finally, risk‐isolation and credit enhancing techniques significantly improve the rating of asset‐backed securities.