我国玉米产业技术进步的福利效应分析

在分别构建供给和需求模型对我国玉米生产消费状况进行分析的前提下,运用福利效应模型测算了技术进步对玉米生产者和消费者的福利效应,基本结论为:玉米具有较低的供给弹性和需求弹性,玉米技术进步的福利效应表现为消费者福利增加和生产者福利减少,但消费者福利的增加值大于生产者福利的减少值,使得整个社会的经济福利处于上升趋势。     

人民币升值对我国社会福利水平的影响

文章运用现代福利经济学常用的效用理论、消费者剩余、生产者剩余等分析工具,结合几何图形分析了人民币升值情况下对我国社会福利水平的整体影响和结构性影响,指出人民币适度升值可以提高我国整体的社会福利水平;结合进出口活动来看,人民币升值使生产者福利水平受到损害,消费者福利水平改善。最后指出人民币升值带来的福利改善效应受人民币不可自由兑换等因素制约,并且强调人民币升值改善福利水平是有严格的条件限制。     

我国入世3年对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响

本文分析我国入世以来百姓的消费者剩余和社会福利。进口产品的大量增加和外资的大量涌入,增加国内市场的供给,进一步促进国内市场充分竞争,对于大多数商品,消费者意愿支付的价格明显高于国内市场价格,全社会福利总体明显提高。由于历史原因和社会生产力发展不平衡,局部领域出现消费者剩余减少,福利水平下降。     

我国入世3年对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响

本文分析我国入世以来百姓的消费者剩余和社会福利.进口产品的大量增加和外资的大量涌入,增加国内市场的供给,进一步促进国内市场充分竞争,对于大多数商品,消费者意愿支付的价格明显高于国内市场价格,全社会福利总体明显提高.由于历史原因和社会生产力发展不平衡,局部领域出现消费者剩余减少,福利水平下降.     

我国入世3年对消费者剩余和社会福利的影响

本文分析我国入世以来百姓的消费者剩余和社会福利。进口产品的大量增加和外资的大量涌入，增加国内市场的供给，进一步促进国内市场充分竞争，对于大多数商品，消费者意愿支付的价格明显高于国内市场价格，全社会福利总体明显提高。由于历史原因和社会生产力发展不平衡，局部领域出现消费者剩余减少，福利水平下降。     

论搭售与伪搭售——公路年票与天价月饼

本文运用微观经济学方法分析了引发热议的两种搭售现象--公路年票与天价月饼中的厂商行为与福利效应,创立了"伪搭售"这一概念以及在二维平面图中分析两种商品组合的消费者剩余与生产者剩余的图示法.     

反倾销的经济学分析兼论中美贸易摩擦

美国对华频发反倾销调查,涉及多个行业,多数最终判决征收反倾销税,以抵消进口造成的"重大损失"。从经济学角度,从微观的消费者和生产者到宏观的需求和供给进行深入分析,认为从中国进口并未使美国受损,受损的仅是生产率较低的同类商品生产商,消费者获益更多。相反,对华反倾销不会给美国带来福利改进,由于诉讼费用、征税成本、连锁反应、报复性反倾销等因素实际福利损失往往很大。因此认为,美国对华实行自由贸易优于采取反倾销措施,减少贸易摩擦。     

消费者剩余理论研究综述

一、什么是消费者剩余所谓消费者剩余是指消费者消费一定数量的某种商品愿意支付的最高价格与这些商品的实际市场价格之间的差额。马歇尔从边际效用价值论演绎出所谓“消费者剩余”的概念。范里安提出了关于消费者剩余的几种计算方法。消费者剩余是衡量消费者福利的重要指标 ,被广泛地作为一种分析工具来应用。产业的社会福利等于消费者剩余加上生产者剩余之和 ,或者等于总消费效用与生产成本之差。 1 977年A .K .迪克西特和斯蒂格利茨将内在规模经济引进一般均衡模型 ,推出了市场考虑最适度边际利润而社会考虑消费者剩余的结论。一般认为 …     

TBT对中日大豆贸易的福利效应研究

自从我国加入WTO以来,国外的TBT已经取代反倾销成为抑制我国出口贸易的第一大贸易壁垒.在这种背景下,展开对国外TBT的研究,解析它对当代的国家间贸易产生的经济效应,已经成为了当今世界的热门话题.本文结合定性以及定量的研究方法,选取中日之间的大豆贸易作为研究对象,在局部均衡的框架下分析了日本我国出口的大豆设置的技术性贸易壁垒-农残限量标准对中日两国产生的福利效应,福利效应的变化主要从消费者剩余以及生产者剩余两方面进行衡量.     

全球价值链中市场剩余分配关系研究

通过建立“多层中间商交换模型”得出：在生产者一消费者,以及生产者一多层中间商一消费者共存的均衡市场中,市场总剩余的大小与消费者意愿相关,市场参与者所获剩余是非对称的,生产商获得的剩余随中间商数量的增多而减少,所以处在全球价值链低端的生产企业利润微薄现象在经济上具有一定的合理性;为在全球价值链中获取更多由销售环节丢失的巨额利润,改善实物份额与价值份额“大背离”状况,着力打造中国自己的“商业航母”,提高市场拓展和扩张能力尤为重要。     

The welfare impact of policy interventions in the foodgrain markets in Bangladesh

The paper attempts to estimate the welfare impact of different policy interventions in the foodgrain markets in Bangladesh using an economic surplus approach. Over the period of analysis, 1980–2003, the loss in consumer surplus exceeded the gain in producer surplus plus the gain in government revenue. Therefore, the interventions resulted in a deadweight welfare loss for society. In contrast, in the policy of liberalization, the gain in consumer surplus and in government revenue is larger than the loss in producer surplus, producing a net welfare gain to society.     

The effects of rent asymmetries in experimental auction markets

We report the results of twelve ‘double-auction’ market experiments designed to analyze the effects of asymmetric induced supply and demand configurations on the price convergence path toward a competitive equilibrium. The proposition (convergence bias) that prices tend to approach the competitive equilibrium from above (below) when consumer surplus is greater (less) than producer surplus cannot be rejected. We do, however, reject the proposition (convergence symmetry) that these convergence biases are of equal absolute magnitude. Excesses of producer over consumer surplus are found to have a more pronounced effect on the sequence of contract prices.     

品牌经济学的理论基础——引入品牌的需求曲线及其经济学分析

把品牌引入经济学后,品牌信用度的提高使得需求曲线发生变化,一方面在其他条件不变的情况下,品牌信用度的提高将有效地降低消费者的选择成本,消费者“趋利避害”的本性使得在任意价格下需求量增加,需求曲线右移;另一方面品牌信用度的提高使得品牌商品的需求弹性变小,需求曲线变陡峭。引入品牌后改变了需求曲线的位置和形状乃品牌经济学的理论基础。在此基础上,品牌信用度的提高通过改变需求曲线的位置将使得均衡价格提高,且均衡数量增加,同时将会增加消费者剩余和生产者剩余,提高社会福利水平。     

Efficiency and surplus bounds in Cournot competition

We derive bounds on the ratios of deadweight loss and consumer surplus to producer surplus under Cournot competition. To do so, we introduce a parameterization of the degree of curvature of market demand using the parallel concepts of ρ-concavity and ρ-convexity. The “more concave” is demand, the larger the share of producer surplus in overall surplus, the smaller is consumer surplus relative to producer surplus, and the lower the ratio of deadweight loss to producer surplus. Deadweight loss over total potential surplus is at first increasing with demand concavity, then eventually decreasing.     

The implicit welfare weights used when maximizing aggregate surplus

Aggregate consumer and producer surplus is a special type of social welfare function. In this paper, we investigate how individual welfare weights and how the social marginal utility of an increase in an individual's income behave if one uses aggregate surplus as a measure of social welfare. Our conclusion is that aggregate surplus is an ethically unacceptable measure of social welfare.I am grateful to B. De Borger and to an anonymous referee for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. Of course, all remaining errors are mine.     

马克思相对过剩人口理论视角的我国当前失业问题探析

马克思的相对过剩人口理论是伴随着资本主义社会资本积累和资本有机构成提高而产生的,对研究我国当前的失业问题具有重要的理论指导意义。劳动力总供给大于总需求、产业结构调整、科学技术进步与广泛应用、劳动力素质与市场需求脱节等是我国当前失业问题产生的原因。其解决对策主要有,保持经济稳定增长,增加社会财富;发挥人口优势,大力发展第三产业;加快科技创新,推进社会分工;实施扩大就业战略,努力实现充分就业;改革教育制度,提高劳动者就业能力等。     

The Nonparametric Approach to Applied Welfare Analysis

Changes in total surplus are traditional measures of economic welfare. We propose necessary and sufficient conditions for rationalizing individual and aggregate consumer demand data with individual quasilinear and homothetic utility functions. Under these conditions, consumer surplus is a valid measure of consumer welfare. For nonmarketed goods, we propose necessary and sufficient conditions on input market data for efficient production, i.e. production at minimum cost. Under these conditions we derive a cost function for the nonmarketed good, where producer surplus is the area above the marginal cost curve. We are greatful to helpful remarks and comments of the referees and the editor. The work is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, through Grant BEC2002-2130, the Generalitat de Catlaunya, through Grant 2005SGR-00454 and the Barcelona Economics Program (CREA).     

WELFARE COST OF AN OIL IMPORT FEE

This paper examines the impacts on the US. oil market of a $5-per-barrel tariff on imported crude oil. The analysis shows that the United States currently is a price taker in the world oil market. This means that "optimal tariff" arguments for an oil import fee have no validity. The author also argues that any economic losses that oil supply disruptions generate are better addressed with alternative policy tools. To forecast the effects of the tariff on US. production, the author uses a domestic oil supply model that she developed elsewhere. She calculates the resulting gains in producer surplus and then combines them with an estimate of consumer surplus losses and government revenues so as to yield an estimate of the tariff's welfare cost. This welfare cost amounts to approximately $17 billion (in present-value terms) over the 1988–1998 period.     

THE IMPACT OF CIGARETTE ADVERTISING ON CONSUMER SURPLUS, PROFIT, AND SOCIAL WELFARE

This study estimates the effect of U.S. cigarette advertising on social welfare. Because economists hold different beliefs about the nature of advertising, the analysis uses three different empirical models to test the welfare implication of cigarette advertising. Each model employs estimates of a demand equation and a supply relation to calculate a single point estimate of the impact of advertising on profit, consumer surplus, and total surplus. Bootstrapping generates confidence intervals for each welfare estimate. The results indicate that the cigarette industry is not competitive and that advertising significantly increases market power. Further, advertising significantly reduces consumer surplus if it is either purely persuasive or purely informative but has no significant effect on total surplus.