基于互联网地图POI数据的城市地下空间需求度评价——以济南市为例

研究目的:基于互联网地图POI数据,从功能性视角出发,构建城市地下空间需求度评价的理论与方法体系,分析地下空间利用现状和潜在需求之间的空间异质性。研究方法:基于高德地图POI数据,以公里格网为评价单元,利用核密度估计法分析城市地下空间的利用现状,从社会经济、区位条件以及利用规划三个层面建立指标体系,对城市地下空间需求度特征进行综合评价。研究结果:济南市中心城区地下空间利用现状呈现空间集聚与组团特征,而地下空间需求则表现出核心—边缘的圈层分布特征,应用耦合矩阵可将城市地下空间分为优先发展区、协调发展区、优化发展区、转型发展区以及保留发展区,对不同类型的分区应采取差异化的开发策略。研究结论:城市地下空间的开发应充分协调现状与需求关系,强调保护性开发,进行地下空间专项分区规划,构建"点—线—面"整体发展格局。     

加强地下空间开发利用的建议

正随着城镇化进程的加快推进,城市建设用地供求矛盾越来越突出。因此,开发和利用地下空间资源,优化空间形态竖向开发,不仅是提高土地节约集约利用的要求,也是建设紧凑型城市的有效途径。随着《城市地下空间开发利用"十三五"规划》的制定,如何合理开发利用城市地下空间的问题愈受关注。事实上,近几年,许多地方都对此进行了积极探索,涌现出了一批地下空间开发利用较好的典型案例。如:上海世博园采取地下地上统一设计、地下空间统一建设的开发策略,地     

我国建设用地典型节地模式聚类分析

文章采用文献综合分析法、因子分析法、K均值聚类法对建设用地典型节地技术与模式特征进行研究。研究发现:(1)目前节地模式主要有时间型、空间型、平面型三大模式,具体分为时序优化、空中拓展、地下开发等8个子模式;(2)建设用地的节约集约主要通过时间型节地模式进行规划管控,采用"优化时序"的节地模式对总体用地强化规划,科学用地,另外"旧地改造"模式也为大多数城市所采取;(3)不同城市地形地貌对应的节地模式的主要影响因素不同;(4)不同经济发展水平城市采取不同的节地模式。     

加强城市地下空间资源管理的思考

中国在地下空间开发利用规模上已位居世界前列,与此同时也存在法律法规体系不健全、资源家底不清、管理机制不完善缺乏系统科学的规划、出让管理不规范等问题基于城市地下空间调查评价现状和管理现状,针对开发利用实践中存在的问题,应通过加快制定相关法律法规、开展地下空间资源摸底调查、制定地下空间开发利用规划、完善地下空间管理机制、规范地下空间使用权出让管理等措施,促进城市地下空间的合理开发利用。     

面向可持续发展的城市地下空间开发外部性价值 评估及应用

研究目的：分析并量化地下空间对城市可持续发展的外部性价值,为城市地下空间规划和土地管理提供外部性价值数据分析和决策支持。研究方法：服务重置成本法、归纳演绎法、空间计量分析法。研究结果：（1）以SDGs为可持续发展评价标准,提出了“城市地下空间资产”和“城市地下空间服务”的概念及外部性价值指标体系,并建立了服务重置成本法的货币化评估方法框架;（2）提出了基于外部性价值评估的地下空间规划决策及使用权价格评估方法;（3）青岛市市南区的实证分析结果表明,城市地下空间开发产生的正外部价值（外部效益）大于负外部性价值（外部成本）,有利于城市可持续发展。研究结论：兼顾正外部性和负外部性的城市地下空间开发外部性价值评估是城市地下空间规划决策和土地管理的关键因素,本文提出的理论框架和评估方法为城市地下空间可持续利用及城市可持续发展提供了一条全面、合理、可行的分析路径。     

吉林省玉米秸秆可利用资源评价分析

吉林省是我国玉米主产区,玉米秸秆资源丰富。通过实地调查和文献分析,选择玉米秸秆不同的评价指标,对其进行了评价分析。结果表明:2008年吉林省玉米秸秆可利用资源量为2 639.76万t,空间分布呈现"两高一低"的特征,即中西部高和东部低。依据玉米秸秆空间分布特点,该文将吉林省分为秸秆资源富集区、一般区、较少区,并提出了相应的开发利用技术和产业发展方向。     

大数据时代土地利用优化的机遇、数据源及潜在应用

研究目的:分析大数据技术应用于土地空间优化配置的可能性。研究方法:通过查阅相关文献,归纳总结前人基于大数据进行土地利用优化的经验,分析目前可以使用的潜在数据源,在此基础上提出大数据模式下土地利用空间优化潜在应用的工作思路。研究结果:土地利用空间优化相关的大数据主要包括基础地理数据、遥感影像数据产品、个体时空数据、手机APP数据、电子地图数据、社交应用网络数据、智能交通数据、物联网传感器数据、社会经济统计数据和台站观测数据10类,其可能的应用包括空间质量评价、空间用地布局优化和土地空间扩展预测。研究结论:在当前的大数据时代,日益增多的大数据源为土地资源管理和土地优化利用提供了强有力的新数据支撑,为区域/城市土地利用优化带来新的发展机遇、理念和挑战。     

中国城市地下空间研究范式的转移与扩张

研究目的:梳理城市地下空间研究与实践的进展,构建城市地下空间研究范式框架及其演进路径。研究方法:文献研究法、比较研究法、演绎归纳法。研究结果:(1)地下空间研究范式已经从建筑附属物范式转移到资源利用范式,并将进一步扩张到时空发展范式;(2)地下空间研究范式演进既有不同学科之间的范式转移,也有同一学科体系下循序渐进的范式扩张;(3)新的研究范式没有完全推翻原有范式,而是体现了与原有范式的包含、继承与交叉。研究结论:地下空间研究范式符合土地科学学科的演进规律,受土地科学学科范式的指导和约束,可以采用土地科学学科理论来加以研究。     

城市地下空间韧性评估及提升策略研究

文章将韧性理念引入城市地下空间研究,阐释城市地下空间韧性的内涵,从冲击抵抗能力、受灾恢复能力和风险适应能力三个方面提出了城市地下空间韧性的能力组成;从基础韧性、管理韧性和发展韧性三个角度构建我国城市地下空间韧性评估指标体系;进而对我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的城市地下空间韧性进行实证评估,并按城市地下空间韧性水平划分为优秀、良好、一般和较差四类地区。研究结果表明：我国城市地下空间韧性存在明显的地域差异,具体表现为城市地下空间韧性按照东、中、西部地区依次递减;经济发展水平与城市地下空间韧性呈正相关关系。基于此,文章提出“整体统筹,全面布局;科学规划,强化保障;突出重点,完善规制;健全组织,改进机制”等城市地下空间韧性提升策略。     

国内资源型城市的区域空间研究综述

资源型城市的区域空间可分为域外地域空间、市域基质空间和城市实体空间。国内主要从区位条件、资源开发与区域发展和区域经济一体化探讨资源型城市的域外地域空间;从产城模式、基质空间特征和空间发展模式探讨市域基质空间;从空间结构及演化、实体空间重构与"市矿系统"探讨城市实体空间。国内既有研究以个案实证研究为主,缺乏规范的系统研究和理论探索;研究空间尺度单一,缺乏多空间尺度嵌套研究;以静态定性分析为主,动态定量探索不足。未来应围绕资源型城市国土空间管控、多空间尺度嵌套和产业转型与实体空间重构协同开展研究。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.