人民币和G20国家货币内外价值背离问题:现象分析与理论总结

2002年至今,人民币对外不断升值的同时,却出现对内贬值现象且愈发严重。本文从美元贬值、外向型发展模式和宏观经济增长效应三个角度解释了其对外升值与对内贬值的不同逻辑。进而为寻求币值背离的国际经验,本文通过对比分析G20国家货币发展历程发现,币值背离存在三种表现形式且是后布雷顿森林体系时期的普遍现象。在此基础上,根据汇率价格传导表现形式将货币内外价值关系归纳为内外价值一致、偏离和背离。     

对当前货币现象与宏观调控的几点思考

当前我国经济继续保持平稳快速发展,但国际收支持续呈现"双顺差"格局,美国次贷危机使得世界经济增长放缓,在美元贬值的大环境之下,由于国内流动性过剩矛盾尚未缓解、价格上涨的压力明显等因素,导致人民币在对外升值的同时,对内贬值的压力正不断加大,而这一货币现象在我国出现,对我国的货币政策乃至宏现调控都将带来挑战.     

人民币对内贬值、对外升值的解析

人民币"对内贬值、对外升值"看似矛盾,实际上是一致的,后者是前者的推手,其深层原因在于中国经济发展模式,即重投资,轻消费,出口导向。主张汇率升值来抑制通胀,乃是混淆了名义汇率和实际汇率,即便是名义汇率升值,从理论和实践两方面看,都不能抑制国内通胀。治本之策乃是国内经济结构调整,投资、消费和出口协调发展。     

对当前人民币汇率政策的分析

近年来，人民币一直面临升值的压力，这种压力的主要诱因是美元的贬值及中美贸易逆差。这种情况下，国际热钱与游资大量流入我国境内，赌人民币升值预期，成为近几年我国外汇储备和外汇占款快速上升的主要原因（见表）。同时，诱发或加重了我国房地产价格一路飙升，局部通货膨胀，货币对内贬值。在这种情况下，无论人民币对外升值还是维持当前汇率，都会给我国经济带来一些深层次变化和难以驾驭的波动。2005年7月21日，     

试论人民币的对外升值与对内贬值

我国人民币对外升值和对内贬值并存现象,是多个因素和各种力量共同作用的产物。人民币是否升值完全取决于资本项目盈余状况、我国经济增长状况、货币政策干预程度和美元走势。本文针对人民币"外升内贬"的利弊,提出对策建议。     

人民币对外升值对内贬值

当前,人民币持续、缓慢升值与通货膨胀并存的趋势越来越突出。是否可以确认,人民币存在对外升值、对内贬值呢?它将持续多久并将造成何种影响?如何避免这种现象对经济增长的持续性和稳定性造成损害、避免对金融体系产生冲击呢?     

人民币外升内贬的成因、影响及对策

人民币自2005年7月汇改以来一直处在对外升值的通道中,同时国内的通货膨胀较为温和。但进入今年以来,人民币继续保持了较强的升值趋势,而国内的通货膨胀率却不断攀升,形成了人民币对外升值对内贬值的态势,这种现象与经典的经济学原理相悖。为     

内外失衡下的“米德冲突”与中国化解之道

金融危机后中国经济在快速复苏的同时,国内通货膨胀与国际收支顺差并存导致的内部均衡与外部均衡冲突问题也日趋严重,并在这种背景下出现了人民币“对内贬值、对外升值”的独特现象。根据丁伯根原则和导致内外失衡的深层原因,中国应从建立对冲机制、调整信贷结构等方面着手来化解现阶段的“米德冲突”问题。     

美国量化宽松货币政策下中国货币政策的应对

当前世界金融危机的一个重要特性就在于长期持续存在的美国政府量化货币宽松政策.而这种量化政策对我国来说将产生长期负面的影响.笔者通过阐述美国持续量化的货币政策对我国外贸及资金流动的影响,分析人民币对外及对内不同升值贬值的情况,并进一步指出我国货币政策的应对策略,以供读者参考.     

超额货币与人民币汇率

目前,国内外基本认同人民币汇率将升值的观点,其理论依据主要是国际收支理论和购买力平价理论。但本文基于货币主义的汇率理论模型及中国存在严重超额货币的现实,从另一个角度提出了与众不同的观点:目前的人民币升值压力可能只是一个短期现象,从长期来看,人民币汇率也存在着贬值的可能。本文在货币主义汇率理论的基础上运用制度分析法对造成人民币汇率存在升值压力与中国超额货币同时并存这一反常现象的种种因素进行了深入的分析,从而得出了如下结论:从根本上来说,人民币汇率到底是升值还是贬值取决于我国的经济增长模式,或者说取决于我国的经济效率。解决目前的人民币升值压力,并从根本上消除人民币贬值的可能,从而实现中国经济稳定有效增长的正确选择是:先进行产权改革以创造真正有效的市场机制,然后在此基础上实行浮动汇率制度。     

试析人民币对外升值与对内贬值并存

Since 2002, RMB has shown a phenomenon which is the co-existence of the external appreciation and the domestic inflation. This new monetary phenomenon has been strengthened in the context that US dollar depreciates internationally and that domestic economy is overwhelmed with excessive liquidities. The new monetary phenomenon is the reflection of the real economy that continuing trade surplus, triggered robustly by the export-driven economy, which brings a huge amount of foreign exchange reserve and accelerates sequentially the expansion of domestic money supply. Furthermore, a refrained appreciation of RMB tends to deteriorate the domestic inflation, which is not simply a traditional concept of CPI but a broad inflation parameter including a variety of asset prices. It is sure that the new phenomenon is becoming a new challenge to the macroeconomic equilibrium as well as the decision maker of monetary policy. __________ Translated from Jingji yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2007, (9): 32–48     

黄金价格、中国黄金储备与通货膨胀关系研究

文章通过格兰杰因果检验了黄金价格、人民币实际有效汇率、国内货币供应量与通货膨胀的关系。研究认为,黄金是对抗通货膨胀的有效工具,黄金价格上涨、黄金储备增大、国际石油价格和大宗商品价格上浮对通货膨胀有持续的拉动效应;货币供应量与通货膨胀之间存在短期与长期效应不一致的现象。提出密切关注黄金价格、增加国家黄金储备、建立黄金价格预警机制等措施。     

美元贬值对中国通货膨胀的影响:传导途径及其效应

本文结合有向无环图方法(DAG)及结构向量自回归模型(SVAR),分别从成本推动渠道、资金输入渠道和货币扩张渠道就美元贬值对我国通货膨胀影响的传导途径及其效应进行了实证研究。分析表明,由成本推动渠道,美元贬值会迅速带动我国工业品出厂价格上涨,能源价格、食品价格和金属价格的传导效应都很显著,而推动我国居民消费价格走高则存在一定时滞,主要依赖食品价格传导。此外,国际大宗商品价格上涨对我国通货膨胀的影响更侧重于生产领域。由资金输入渠道,美国联邦基金利率走低和美元指数下滑会带动国内商品房销售价格和资本市场价格的结构性上升,进而拉动我国通货膨胀,其中以市场利率和短期资本流动传导尤为显著。由货币扩张渠道,美元贬值对我国工业品出厂价格的影响更为显著,货币扩张主要通过外汇占款和人民币升值预期对我国通货膨胀产生影响,且以对消费领域的影响较为明显。本文的研究显示,我国当前承受着较大的输入型通货膨胀压力。     

An augmented P-star model of Indian inflation

ABSTRACT

An augmented P-Star model is estimated and tested to identify the drivers of inflation in India. The model includes monetary and non-monetary factors, demand-pull and cost-push factors, and domestic as well as foreign factors. The results show that inflation in India is driven by a combination of monetary factors and non-monetary factors, some of which affect inflation on the supply side while others operate on the demand side. It turns out, however, that inflation in India is determined more by domestic rather than foreign factors.     

日元升值影响的三种假说及对人民币汇率调整的启示

广场协议后的日元升值与日本经济衰退之间没有必然联系。日本经济衰退是日本经济高度发展之后,追赶型发展模式没有相应转变,迫于美国压力实施不当货币政策的结果。中国当前存在通货膨胀压力,人民币对美元名义汇率有升值趋势。减税、增加公共支出、改革融资体制,统一分割的地方市场既有助于抵消本币升值的紧缩效应,又有利于经济结构的调整。     

Monetary transmission mechanism in Turkey under free float using a small-scale macroeconomic model

This study analyzes the monetary transmission mechanism in the Turkish economy following the switch to free float under informal inflation targeting scheme in the aftermath of the February 2001 crisis. A small-scale macroeconomic model is simulated using equations for output gap, exchange rate, sub-items of inflation, short-term policy rate, government borrowing rate, “Embi+ Turkey” and inflation expectations. The preliminary results indicate that, despite some slight departures, both static and dynamic simulations capture the dynamics of the fundamental economic variables. The results also show that at a time of weak domestic demand, output gap has been seemingly less significant in determining inflation. Furthermore, risk premium as measured by “Embi+ Turkey” has a high explanatory power in shaping government borrowing rate and exchange rate. Finally, forward-looking component of inflation has been effective in determining non-administered prices.     

Flattening of the New Keynesian Phillips curve: Evidence for an emerging,small open economy

The flattening of the Phillips curve is a vigorously investigated phenomenon in many advanced economies. Still little evidence has been presented for emerging, small open economies facing persistently low inflation. In this paper I address this issue through rigorous estimation of a substantial number of stylized, open-economy hybrid new Keynesian Phillips curves for Poland. I find robust evidence of the flattening of the Phillips curve and the rising impact of external factors for both headline and core inflation. I conclude that during excessive disinflation in Poland the flattening of the Phillips curve can be partly explained by the underutilization of labour, whereas the stronger impact of global factors on core inflation suggests strengthening indirect effects. The changes in the estimated parameters indicate that the macroeconomic cost of bringing inflation back to the desired target has increased. Further identification of the reasons behind the flattening of the Phillips curve in an emerging, small open economy should provide useful insights for monetary policy.     

中国实行通货膨胀目标制的可行性分析

通货膨胀目标制是一种以保持低而稳定的通货膨胀为首要目标的货币政策框架。本研究参照IMF提出的相关指标,并考虑到中国作为转型国家的经济特征,从中国当前经济运行中控制一般物价水平的必要性、经济结构的完善性、金融市场和银行体系的健全性、中央银行的独立性、货币政策的透明度以及央行准确预测通货膨胀的技术等方面考察了中国实行通货膨胀目标制的可行性,得出中国已经初步具备实施该货币制度的条件。并提出更彻底的制度改革将会确保中国成功实施通货膨胀目标制,从而使得宏观经济运行处于稳定的价格水平因而更有效率。     

通货膨胀目标制度在我国实施的可行性分析

20世纪90年代以来,由于通货膨胀目标制(Inflation Targeting,以下又简称通胀目标制)被越来越多的国家采用,使得通胀目标制成为近年西方货币经济学领域最热门的研究课题之一。从传统的以控制货币供应量为主的货币目标法(Monetary'Targeting)和以稳定汇率为主的汇率目标法(Exchange rate Targeting)到明确公布通货膨胀目标的通胀目标制是一个货币政策方面的重大转变。本文主要分析了我国实施通胀目标制的可行性,并提供相关的政策建议。     

A persistence-weighted measure of core inflation in the Euro area

We propose a new core inflation measure for the Euro area which places the emphasis on the more lasting, i.e. persistent, price developments at a disaggregated level. The importance of each component of the HICP is reweighted according to its relative persistence, as measured by the sum of the autoregressive coefficients or by an indicator of mean reversion. Unlike headline inflation, our baseline core inflation measure is highly correlated with ECB monetary policy decisions, which could mean that they contain ex ante (pre monetary policy) information on inflationary pressure.